英国气候变化委员会提出条件性支持希思罗机场扩建，但前提是航空业必须为碳排放付费1。该委员会主席Nigel Topping表示："政府不能在不要求航空业清理排放的情况下扩建希思罗机场"1。委员会警告，新跑道和航站楼建设将违反英国碳预算目标，但可通过提高航空效率、使用可持续航空燃料和购买碳移除服务来平衡扩建带来的排放增加1。
扩建成本将直接反映在机票价格上。根据委员会测算，到2050年，乘客赴阿利坎特的往返航班票价可能上涨约150英镑，赴纽约的往返航班上涨约400英镑1。英国航空业目前占英国排放量的9%，到2050年将成为仅次于农业的最大排放行业1。与此同时，航空出行呈现明显的社会不平等特征：2024年英国频繁飞行者（5次以上往返国际航班）仅占人口5%，却占所有飞行的三分之一；最高收入群体占所有国际航班的38%，为最低收入群体的4倍1。自1990年以来，英国乘客数已从1亿增至3亿1。
环保组织对这一方案持批评态度，称委员会的建议过于乐观，质疑无法证明这些新兴技术能及时实现规模化部署1。
Britain's Committee on Climate Change has recommended that Heathrow Airport should only be permitted to expand if the aviation industry finances carbon removal services to offset emissions from the proposed new runway and terminals 1. The committee warned that the expansion would otherwise breach the UK's carbon budget targets 1.
According to the committee, the expansion could proceed if coupled with measures to improve aircraft efficiency, increase sustainable aviation fuel use, and purchase carbon removal services 1. Committee chair Nigel Topping stated: "The government cannot expand Heathrow without requiring the aviation industry to clean up its emissions" 1. However, environmental organizations have criticized the proposal as overly optimistic, arguing that these emerging technologies cannot be proven to scale up sufficiently in time 1.
The expansion carries significant implications for air travel costs and equity. Round-trip fares to Alicante could rise by approximately 150 pounds, while flights to New York could increase by around 400 pounds 1. Aviation currently accounts for 9 percent of UK emissions, but by 2050 is projected to become the largest source of emissions after agriculture 1. Frequent flyers—those taking five or more international round trips annually—represent only 5 percent of the population but account for one-third of all flights 1. The wealthiest income group accounts for 38 percent of all international flights, four times the share of the lowest income group 1. Passenger numbers have grown from 100 million in 1990 to 300 million by 2025 1.
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