虚拟电厂是公用事业公司通过远程控制家庭智能恒温器、电动汽车和家用电池等设备，在用电高峰期降低电力消耗的一种方式1。通过聚合数百万个家庭设备，公用事业公司可以达到相当于启动一座电厂的效果1。截至2023年，美国已有超过500个虚拟电厂项目投入运营1，其中约有400万户家庭的智能恒温器已登记参加1。
参与虚拟电厂项目的消费者可获得多种形式的经济补偿。对于智能恒温器项目，用户通常可以获得50至150美元的初始奖金，以及每年25至50美元的额外补偿1。而安装家用电池或电动汽车充电设备的参与者，年度节省金额可能达到数百至数千美元1。消费者还可享受能源账单折扣1。
虚拟电厂项目在美国的分布具有地域特征，主要集中在加州、得州、新英格兰和中大西洋地区1。谷歌等大型科技企业已开始投资该技术，用于为数据中心提供能源支持1。
Virtual power plants represent a growing strategy for utilities to manage electricity demand during peak periods by aggregating household devices such as smart thermostats, electric vehicles, and home battery systems 1. Rather than operating as standalone infrastructure, these programs allow utility companies to remotely control millions of distributed devices, achieving electricity reduction capacity equivalent to that of a traditional power generation facility 1.
As of 2023, more than 500 virtual power plant projects operate across the United States 1, with approximately 4 million households having already enrolled their smart thermostats in such programs as of last year 1. Participants in smart thermostat initiatives typically receive initial incentive payments ranging from 50 to 150 dollars, supplemented by annual compensation between 25 and 50 dollars 1. Those who adopt more advanced technologies—home batteries and electric vehicles—may realize savings of several hundred to several thousand dollars annually 1. The programs are concentrated geographically in California, Texas, New England, and the Mid-Atlantic regions 1.
Major enterprises including Google have invested in virtual power plant systems to support their data center operations 1. For consumers considering enrollment, evaluating participation requires assessing individual energy usage patterns, device compatibility, financial incentives, and regional program availability to determine whether the benefits align with household circumstances.
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