小额信贷曾被寄予厚望，作为帮助亚洲贫困人口脱贫的重要工具，但其实际效果却未能达到预期。全球超过17亿人无法获得银行服务1，小额信贷的初衷是为这些群体提供资本支持，然而该模式建立在一个有缺陷的假设之上——即贫困家庭仅是缺乏资本，但拥有盈利机会1。
在实际运作中，小额信贷暴露出多重问题。孟加拉国的小额信贷最高利率高达24%1，而典型贷款金额仅在200至500美元之间1。高利息成为贫困家庭的沉重负担，许多借款人被迫依靠其他债务来偿还小额信贷——柬埔寨的农村调查就显示了这一趋势1。与此同时，借款资金往往被用于应急支出而非生产性投资1。印度的研究进一步证实，小额贷款主要增加了现有企业的借贷和投资，而并非帮助创办新企业1。
小额信贷的局限性在于，它忽视了贫困的深层原因。资本获取仅是经济发展的一个约束因素1，贫困家庭面临的真正障碍包括技能不足、基础设施缺乏和稳定就业机会短缺1。许多借款人所经营的微型企业面临激烈竞争1，单纯提供小额贷款难以解决这些结构性问题，反而可能因高利息和多重债务加剧其财务困境1。
Microfinance programs across Asia have failed to deliver on their promise of alleviating poverty, despite being designed to address capital shortages among the poor.1 The sector's underperformance stems from flawed foundational assumptions that overlook the complex barriers facing low-income households.1
The microfinance model was built on the premise that poverty-stricken families lack capital but possess viable business opportunities.1 However, research reveals a different reality: many micro-enterprises operated by poor households face intense competition, and borrowed funds are frequently diverted to emergency expenses rather than productive investments.1 In Bangladesh, microfinance interest rates reach as high as 24 percent,1 while typical loan amounts range between 200 and 500 dollars.1 A study from India found that microloans increased borrowing and investment in existing enterprises rather than enabling the creation of new businesses,1 undermining the sector's core objective of economic expansion.1 The situation in rural Cambodia is particularly dire, where borrowers increasingly rely on additional debt sources to repay their microloans, creating a cycle of indebtedness that deepens financial hardship.1
Access to capital represents only one constraint among many in economic development.1 Households in poverty require skills training, functioning infrastructure, and stable employment opportunities—factors that microfinance programs have largely failed to address.1 According to World Bank data, over 1.7 billion people globally lack access to banking services,1 a gap that microfinance alone cannot meaningfully bridge without tackling the broader structural barriers that perpetuate poverty.
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