波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那是巴尔干半岛一个族群构成复杂的国家，人口约310万，其中波什尼亚克人占50%，塞尔维亚人占31%，克罗地亚人占15%1。该国现行政治结构由1995年达顿和平协议奠定，这一协议结束了1992-1995年造成约10万人死亡、220万人流离失所的波斯尼亚战争，并将国家权力分配给三个族群及其各自领导的实体1。
自1995年以来，国际高级代表办公室对波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那进行国际监督，高级代表拥有包括罢免选举官员、制定法律、建立政府机构等广泛权力1。然而，国家统一面临严峻挑战。塞尔维亚实体领导人米洛拉德·多迪克得到贝尔格莱德、莫斯科和特朗普政府支持，持续推进分离主义议程1，同时克罗地亚族群也寻求更大独立性1。
在欧盟融合方面，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那于2016年提交欧盟成员资格申请，2024年初欧洲理事会批准开启谈判1。然而实际进展因司法改革和反腐工作进展缓慢而受阻1。欧盟自2007年来对该国进行入盟前援助，但因分离主义言辞和政策，已对塞尔维亚实体的基础设施资金部分冻结1。
Bosnia-Herzegovina, a Balkan nation of approximately 3.1 million people, remains deeply shaped by its complex political structure and ongoing tensions between ethnic groups.1 The country's population comprises Bosniaks at 50 percent, Serbs at 31 percent, and Croats at 15 percent.1 The current political framework was established by the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, which ended a devastating war that claimed roughly 100,000 lives and displaced 2.2 million people between 1992 and 1995.1 The agreement distributed power among three ethnic groups and their respective entities, an arrangement that continues to shape governance today.
Since 1995, the international community has maintained oversight through the Office of the High Representative, which possesses extensive authority including the power to dismiss elected officials, enact legislation, and establish governmental institutions.1 However, centrifugal forces persist within the state. Milorad Dodik, the leader of the Serb entity with a mandate extending until 2025, has pursued a separatist agenda with backing from Belgrade, Moscow, and increasingly from the Trump administration.1 Meanwhile, the Croatian ethnic group also seeks greater autonomy, further complicating the country's cohesion.
On the international stage, Bosnia-Herzegovina has sought closer ties with Europe. The country submitted its European Union membership application in 2016, and the European Council approved the opening of accession negotiations in early 2024.1 Nevertheless, progress remains constrained by the need for substantial reforms in the judiciary and anti-corruption efforts.1 The EU has provided pre-accession assistance since 2007, though it has partially frozen infrastructure funding to the Serb entity in response to separatist rhetoric and policies.1
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