全球约150万公里的海底光缆铺设在海洋底部，承载着几乎所有国际互联网数据传输1。这些光缆直径约25毫米，内部是与人类头发同样粗细的玻璃纤维束，外层包裹多层保护材料1。为维持信号传输，每隔50至80公里需要安装一个中继器，由岸站提供3000至15000伏的直流电供电1。
海底光缆的建设成本高昂。横跨大西洋的系统长约7000公里，造价约2.5亿美元；跨太平洋系统成本更是高达4亿美元1。单位造价为每公里6000至20000美元，设计使用寿命为20至25年1。全球每年发生150至200起海底光缆故障，主要由捕鱼设备和船锚拖拽引起，而非鲨鱼或蓄意破坏1。
海底光缆的制造和铺设产业高度集中，仅有四家公司垄断全球市场：美国SubCom、法国Alcatel、日本NEC和中国HMN1。相比之下，光缆所有权则被科技企业逐步主导。全球473个不同所有者中，谷歌拥有最多海底光缆权益，Meta紧随其后，微软和亚马逊也在逐步积累海底光缆资产1。但绝大多数市场参与者规模较小，260个所有者仅拥有一条光缆，超过70%的所有者拥有不超过两条光缆1。例如，智利电信集团GTD所有的Dos Continentes光缆长105公里，于2020年投入服务，连接西班牙La Línea和北非西班牙飞地Ceuta1。
Approximately 1.5 million kilometers of submarine optical cables lie on the ocean floor, carrying nearly all international data transmissions across continents. 1 These cables, roughly 25 millimeters in diameter, contain glass fiber strands as thin as human hair at their core, surrounded by protective layers. 1 Signal amplification is required every 50 to 80 kilometers through repeaters powered by 3,000 to 15,000 volts of direct current supplied from shore stations. 1
The cost of submarine cable infrastructure varies significantly by geography and distance. Transatlantic systems spanning approximately 7,000 kilometers cost around $250 million, while transpacific systems can reach $400 million. 1 Cable construction itself ranges from $6,000 to $20,000 per kilometer, with a design lifespan of 20 to 25 years. 1 Globally, 150 to 200 submarine cable failures occur annually, primarily caused by fishing equipment and ship anchors rather than sharks or deliberate sabotage. 1
The submarine cable industry is dominated by four manufacturers and installation companies: the United States-based SubCom, France's Alcatel, Japan's NEC, and China's HMN. 1 Ownership has undergone significant transformation, with technology giants now leading traditional telecommunications operators. Google holds the largest number of submarine cable interests worldwide, followed closely by Meta, while Microsoft and Amazon are steadily accumulating additional assets. 1 Among 473 different global cable owners, 260 hold only a single cable, and over 70 percent own no more than two cables. 1 A notable example is the Dos Continentes cable, owned by Chilean telecom group GTD, which spans 105 kilometers and has been in service since 2020, connecting La Línea in Spain to the Spanish North African enclave of Ceuta. 1
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