禽流感病毒已在新西兰的野生鸟类中扎根且无法根除，并已从水禽扩展到海鸟和海洋哺乳动物造成大规模死亡1。新西兰已在三只野生鸟类中发现禽流感，最近一例为北部的巨型海燕1。2022年禽流感在北美港海豹和灰海豹中被发现，并在南美海狮中造成超过30,000只死亡1。2023年阿根廷估计有17,000头南象海豹因禽流感死亡1。2025年11月，澳大利亚偏远赫德岛的海洋哺乳动物中确认禽流感，调查发现17,000头南象海豹幼崽中有13,000头死亡1。此外，澳大利亚上周确认首例大陆哺乳动物因禽流感死亡1。
新西兰采取One Health方法，由初级产业部、环保署和卫生机构协同应对1。其中，新西兰初级产业部协调应对，环保署负责濒危物种，卫生机构保护人类健康1。新西兰采用适应性管理策略，根据新证据不断调整监测和防控重点1。新西兰环保署在2024年7月前已准备地方应对计划并识别高风险地点1。新西兰正在对部分最濒危本土鸟类进行疫苗接种，最初聚焦五个集中管理物种1。2025年完成一项疫苗接种试验1。2026年7月检测到H5N1时，环保署刻意保持疫苗接种物种名单的灵活性1。
The H5N1 avian influenza virus has firmly established itself in wild bird populations and is considered impossible to eradicate, having expanded from waterfowl to seabirds and marine mammals, causing mass mortality events 1. In New Zealand, the virus has been detected in three wild birds, with the most recent case involving a giant petrel in the north 1. In 2022, the virus was found in harbor and gray seals in North America and caused the deaths of over 30,000 South American sea lions 1. Furthermore, an estimated 17,000 southern elephant seals died from the virus in Argentina in 2023 1. In November 2025, avian influenza was confirmed in marine mammals on Australia's remote Heard Island, where a survey revealed that 13,000 out of 17,000 southern elephant seal pups had perished 1. Australia also confirmed its first mainland mammal death from the virus last week 1.
To combat the ongoing threat, New Zealand is employing a One Health approach, coordinating efforts across the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Department of Conservation, and health agencies to protect endangered species and human health 1. The Department of Conservation is leading the vaccination of some of the most endangered native bird species, initially focusing on five intensively managed species 1. By July 2024, the department had prepared local response plans and identified high-risk locations 1. A vaccination trial is scheduled to be completed in 2025 1. When H5N1 was detected in July 2026, the Department of Conservation deliberately maintained flexibility in the list of species targeted for vaccination 1. Overall, New Zealand's strategy relies on adaptive management, continuously adjusting its monitoring and control priorities based on new evidence 1.
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