特朗普总统周四签署了两项行政命令，试图限制美国出生地公民权制度的适用范围 [1][2]。第一项命令扩展了不符合出生地公民权资格的非公民定义，规定在双亲均为非公民且其中一方是恐怖组织成员、外国政府雇员、通过欺诈手段申请公民身份，或居住在不由联邦法律赋予公民权的美国领土的情况下出生的婴儿将不能自动获得美国公民身份 [2]。第二项命令禁止所谓的"生育旅游" [1][2]。
这是特朗普过去十多年来针对出生地公民权的最新举动 [1]。他早在2015年11月的佛罗里达州共和党初选活动中就首次提出结束"锚地婴儿"的计划 [1]，2018年曾声称可以通过行政命令而非宪法修正案来取消出生地公民权 [1]。美国最高法院在6月驳回了他之前终止这一150年政策的尝试，首席大法官罗伯茨表示该命令违反了宪法第14修正案 [1][2]。加州大学戴维斯分校法学院教授Gabriel Chin认为新签署的行政令的某些部分可能面临宪法质疑 [2]。
关于生育旅游的规模，特朗普声称该现象由"数十万"人实行，但无党派的移民政策研究所数据显示实际为每年22,000至26,000例 [1][2]，而政府数据则显示2024年有9,600名婴儿出生于外国地址的母亲 [2]。
President Trump signed two executive orders aimed at limiting birthright citizenship in the United States, targeting what he describes as "birth tourism" and narrowing eligibility for automatic citizenship at birth.[1][2] The first order restricts citizenship for infants born in the US when both parents are non-citizens and one is a terrorist organization member, foreign government employee, obtained citizenship through fraud, or resides in a US territory not granted citizenship rights by federal law.[2] A second order prohibits the practice of birth tourism specifically.[1][2]
This represents Trump's latest effort to challenge the 150-year-old birthright citizenship policy.[2] The Supreme Court rejected a similar attempt by Trump just weeks earlier in June, ruling that his previous policy violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution.[1][2] Chief Justice Roberts stated in that June decision that Trump's initial order contravened the constitutional protections of the Fourteenth Amendment.[1] Trump has pursued ending so-called "anchor babies" since at least November 2015, when he first proposed the plan at a Florida Republican primary event.[1] In a 2018 television interview, he claimed he could eliminate birthright citizenship through executive order rather than a constitutional amendment.[1]
The scope of birth tourism remains contested. Trump claims the practice affects "hundreds of thousands" of people annually,[1] while the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute estimates the actual figure at 22,000 to 26,000 cases per year.[1][2] Government data showed 9,600 babies were born to mothers with foreign addresses in 2024.[2] Legal scholars anticipate the new orders will face constitutional challenges, with UC Davis Law School professor Gabriel Chin suggesting certain provisions may face legal scrutiny.[2] John Eastman, a long-time advocate for excluding children of non-citizen parents from birthright citizenship, was disbarred by the California Supreme Court in April 2024 after spreading false claims about the 2020 election.[1]