尽管有国际禁令，地雷为何再次大量出现

尽管旨在禁止使用杀伤人员地雷的《渥太华条约》已于1999年生效并获得166个国家批准，但国际人道主义军备控制的效力正受到严重削弱 1。自2022年俄乌全面战争爆发以来，乌克兰以及波兰、芬兰、拉脱维亚、立陶宛和爱沙尼亚这五个与俄罗斯接壤的北约国家相继决定退出该条约 1。乌克兰的退出在战争结束前不产生法律效力，而波兰国有国防公司Belma已签约大批量生产杀伤人员地雷 1。

对于恢复使用地雷的考量，乌克兰议会国家安全、国防和情报委员会秘书Roman Kostenko表示：“当敌人没有任何限制时，我们不能继续受约束” 1。从未签署该条约的俄罗斯在乌克兰领土上广泛使用了地雷 1。地雷的重新泛滥造成了严重的人道主义后果，据“地雷和集束弹药监测”组织的初步分析，2025年全球有超过5000人因地雷或未爆弹药死亡或受伤，受害者主要为平民 1。在南苏丹，去年90%的受害者是儿童 1。

在乌克兰境内，自2022年2月以来，已有超过1150名平民因地雷和战争遗留爆炸物死亡或受伤 1。联合国地雷行动服务（UNMAS）估计，截至2025年中，约25%的乌克兰领土受到地雷和爆炸物的污染 1。全面排雷预计需要为期10年的时间，成本约为350亿美元（约300亿欧元） 1。

过去几年间，美俄之间的《中导条约》、《新削减战略武器条约》和《开放天空条约》三项主要协议已到期或终止 1。此外，俄罗斯于2023年退出《欧洲常规武装力量条约》，实际上终结了该条约 1。同时，中国、印度和美国也并未批准《渥太华条约》 1。

Despite the 1997 Ottawa Treaty banning the use of anti-personnel mines, the trend of abandoning the ban severely undermines the effectiveness of international humanitarian arms control 1. Representatives from over 120 countries signed the treaty in 1997, and it entered into force in 1999 with 166 ratifications, but it was not approved by China, India, Russia, and the United States 1. Russia, which never signed the agreement, has extensively used landmines on Ukrainian territory 1. Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukraine and five European NATO countries bordering Russia—Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia—have decided to withdraw from the treaty 1. Ukraine's withdrawal will not take legal effect until the war ends 1. Roman Kostenko, secretary of the Ukrainian parliament's committee on national security, defense, and intelligence, stated, "We cannot remain bound when the enemy has no restrictions" 1. Meanwhile, the Polish state-owned defense company Belma has signed a contract for the mass production of anti-personnel mines 1.

The resurgence of landmines has led to devastating humanitarian consequences globally and in Ukraine. In 2025, more than 5,000 people were killed or injured by landmines or unexploded ordnance, predominantly civilians, according to a preliminary analysis by the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor 1. In South Sudan, children accounted for 90% of the victims last year 1. As of mid-2025, approximately 25% of Ukraine's territory is affected by landmines and explosives, according to the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) 1. Since February 2022, over 1,150 civilians have been killed or injured by landmines and explosive remnants of war in the country 1. The comprehensive demining effort is estimated to cost around $35 billion (approximately 30 billion euros) over a 10-year period 1.

This trend of abandoning landmine bans reflects a broader collapse of international arms control agreements. Over the past few years, three major agreements between the United States and Russia have expired or been terminated: the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, the New START Treaty, and the Open Skies Treaty 1. Furthermore, Russia's withdrawal in 2023 effectively ended the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) 1.