来自麻省理工学院（MIT）、哈佛大学和休斯顿大学的研究人员开发了一种新型mRNA佐剂，通过编码可激活免疫信号通路的基因来增强T细胞对mRNA疫苗的响应 1。Daniel Anderson及其同事报告了增强T细胞对mRNA疫苗响应的研究成果 1。该新型佐剂由编码两个基因的mRNA分子组成，可通过开启特定信号通路将免疫细胞切换至更活跃状态 1。
在膀胱癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、转移性肺癌等多种小鼠模型中，含mRNA佐剂的脂质纳米颗粒注射减缓或消除了肿瘤生长 1。Daniel Anderson表示：“当这些佐剂mRNA被包含在疫苗中时，靶向抗原的T细胞数量会大幅增加。” 1 Christopher Garris表示：“实体瘤的微环境通常对T细胞具有敌意，是有效免疫治疗的主要障碍。我们发现，使用这些佐剂进行免疫重塑创造了一个适宜T细胞存在的环境，并促进了肿瘤的排斥。” 1
该佐剂使针对新冠或流感疫苗的T细胞响应增强了10至15倍 1。此外，MIT Koch研究所Ana Jaklenec团队使用该佐剂帮助注射型脊髓灰质炎疫苗在胃肠道诱导强黏膜免疫反应 1。研究团队计划进一步在动物模型中测试该方法，以应用于癌症和传染病防治 1。
Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard University, and the University of Houston have developed a novel mRNA adjuvant designed to enhance T cell responses to mRNA vaccines 1. Led by Daniel Anderson, the team created an adjuvant composed of mRNA molecules encoding two genes that activate specific signaling pathways, switching immune cells into a more active state 1. Highlighting the impact of this mechanism, Anderson stated, "When these adjuvant mRNAs are included in the vaccines, the number of antigen-targeted T cells is substantially increased" 1.
In various mouse models, including bladder cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and metastatic lung cancer, injections of lipid nanoparticles containing the mRNA adjuvant significantly slowed or eliminated tumor growth 1. Addressing the challenges of treating solid tumors, Christopher Garris noted, "The microenvironment of solid tumors is often hostile to T cells and represents a major barrier to effective immunotherapy" 1. He added, "We find that immune remodeling with these adjuvants creates a T-cell-permissive environment and promotes tumor rejection" 1. Beyond oncology, the adjuvant boosted T cell responses to coronavirus and influenza vaccines by 10 to 15 times 1.
At the MIT Koch Institute, a team led by Ana Jaklenec utilized the adjuvant to help an injectable polio vaccine induce a strong mucosal immune response in the gastrointestinal tract 1. Moving forward, the research team plans to further test this approach in animal models to advance its application in the prevention and treatment of both cancer and infectious diseases 1.
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