联合国大会于2024年12月通过了《河内公约》，这是一项旨在打击黑客、诈欺和儿童性剥削等网络犯罪的国际条约[1]。截至2025年10月的签署仪式，已有72个国家签署该条约，其中阿塞拜疆、卡塔尔和越南3个国家已完成批准[1]。该条约将在获得40个国家批准后生效[1]。
然而，这一条约因定义模糊和管辖权条款存在重大漏洞，引发了对其可能被威权国家滥用的担忧[1]。伊朗和俄罗斯等国已展现出利用网络监控针对持不同政见者和少数群体的意图[1]。伊朗于2024年4月启动"努尔计划"，部署面部识别技术、无人机和公民举报应用来追捕违反强制戴头巾法律的女性[1]，并在2025年1月抗议活动后监禁使用Starlink等被禁通讯工具的人士[1]。俄罗斯自2025年底以来将6个酷儿团体宣布为"极端主义"组织[1]。专家认为，该条约的模糊条款可能为这些国家提供跨境追捕持不同政见者和LGBTQ+人士的法律依据，构成对言论自由的威胁[1]。
The United Nations General Assembly approved the Hanoi Convention on cybercrime in December 2024, establishing what proponents argue is a necessary framework to combat digital threats including hacking, fraud, and child sexual exploitation [1]. However, the treaty's vague definitions and problematic jurisdiction clauses have raised significant concerns among observers who warn it could become a tool for authoritarian regimes to pursue political opponents and marginalized groups across borders [1].
As of October 2025, 72 countries have signed the convention, with only three—Azerbaijan, Qatar, and Vietnam—having ratified it [1]. The treaty will take effect once 40 nations complete the ratification process [1]. Russia, which first proposed the convention in 2017, is among the signatories [1].
Critics point to recent actions by authoritarian states as evidence of the risks. Iran launched its "Noor Plan" in April 2024, deploying facial recognition technology, drones, and citizen reporting applications to pursue women who violate mandatory headscarf laws [1]. Since January 2025, Iran has also imprisoned individuals using prohibited communication tools such as Starlink [1]. Russia has designated six LGBTQ+ organizations, including Russian LGBT Network, as "extremist" entities, creating a precedent for labeling dissent as criminal activity [1]. The vague language within the cybercrime convention could enable such regimes to classify legitimate activism as punishable offenses and request the treaty's assistance in apprehending those they deem criminals [1].
