乌克兰加大打击力度致俄罗斯黑海港口粮食与石油出口严重受阻

近期，乌克兰加大了对俄罗斯黑海港口（尤其是新罗西斯克）的无人机和海上打击力度，导致俄罗斯粮食和石油出口严重受阻 1。由于俄罗斯是全球最大的小麦出口国，其出口受阻叠加乌克兰自身港口遭袭，使两国粮食均难以进入全球市场 1。专家警告，若打击持续，俄罗斯出口商和国家预算将面临重大损失，而替代路线（如波罗的海港口）的运力与成本均难以弥补黑海缺口 1。

新罗西斯克是俄罗斯最大的商业黑海港口，处理俄罗斯多达三分之一的粮食出口 1。8月12日，新罗西斯克粮食产品厂（NKHP）和新罗西斯克粮食码头停止运营 1。8月13日，俄罗斯最大的深水粮食码头之一KSK也停止运营 1。7月底，塔曼（Taman）的一个主要粮食码头已陷入停滞 1。截至发稿时，只有图阿普谢（Tuapse）这一俄罗斯最小的深水粮食码头仍在运营 1。Argus Media称，2026至2027年度俄罗斯可能有4500万吨小麦可供出口，通常约90%经黑海运输 1。

在石油出口方面，Sheskharis码头是俄罗斯在黑海的主要石油出口设施，日处理约70万桶原油，于8月14日停止装载，两天后恢复 1。CREA数据显示，8月前两周新罗西斯克石油装载量比去年同期下降30% 1。7月19日，乌克兰对里海管道联盟（CPC）海上码头发动打击 1。8月17日，一艘据信运载俄罗斯石油的希腊油轮遭到袭击 1。

Ukraine has intensified its drone and maritime strikes on Russia's Black Sea ports, particularly Novorossiysk, causing severe disruptions to Russian grain and oil exports 1. Novorossiysk, the largest commercial Black Sea port in Russia, handles up to a third of the country's grain exports, but its major grain terminals have recently been forced to halt operations 1. Specifically, the Novorossiysk Grain Products Plant (NKHP) and the Novorossiysk Grain Terminal ceased operations on August 12, followed by the shutdown of KSK, one of Russia's largest deep-water grain terminals, on August 13 1. Furthermore, a major grain terminal in Taman has been stalled since late July, leaving only Tuapse, Russia's smallest deep-water grain terminal, operational as of press time 1.

The disruptions have also extended to oil shipments, with loading operations facing frequent interruptions 1. The Sheskharis terminal, a primary oil export facility in the Black Sea handling approximately 700,000 barrels of crude oil per day, suspended loading on August 14 before resuming operations two days later 1. According to CREA data, oil loading volumes in Novorossiysk dropped by 30% in the first two weeks of August compared to the same period last year 1. Additional strikes include Ukraine's attack on the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) sea terminal on July 19, and the targeting of a Greek oil tanker believed to be carrying Russian oil on August 17 1.

As the world's largest wheat exporter, Russia's export bottlenecks, combined with attacks on Ukraine's own ports, have made it difficult for grain from both nations to reach the global market 1. Argus Media reports that Russia may have 45 million tons of wheat available for export in the 2026-2027 marketing year, with typically about 90% transported via the Black Sea 1. Experts warn that if the strikes continue, Russian exporters and the national budget will face significant losses, as alternative routes like Baltic ports lack the capacity and cost-efficiency to make up for the Black Sea shortfall 1.