德国政治防火墙政策面临瓦解

德国主流政党长期奉行的"防火墙"政策正在动摇。这一政策是指主流政党拒绝与被视为极端主义的德国选择党(AfD)进行合作的承诺1。2018年，基督教民主联盟(CDU)党大会通过"不兼容决议"，明确拒绝与AfD及左翼党的任何合作1。2021年12月，时任CDU领导人的弗里德里希·默茨(Friedrich Merz)表示："在我的领导下，将建立针对AfD的防火墙"1。

然而，这道防线在2025年1月被打破。默茨领导的CDU与AfD一起投票通过了一项难民政策议案，在联邦议会(Bundestag)获得AfD支持票而通过1，此举引发了广泛批评。防火墙政策的破裂反映了德国政治格局的深层变化。萨克森州CDU总理迈克尔·克雷奇默(Michael Kretschmer)表示："任何还在谈论防火墙的人已经没有认识到时代征兆"1。

防火墙政策面临的挑战涉及民主合法性问题。左翼党领导人萨拉·瓦根克内希特(Sahra Wagenknecht)指出："永久排斥约40%选民支持的政党是完全不民主的"1。在东部地区，AfD的支持率已达40%，地方层面的合作日益增多，防火墙政策正面临前所未有的压力1。

Germany's mainstream political parties have long maintained a "political firewall" — a commitment to refuse cooperation with the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), which is viewed as extremist.1 This policy was formally established through an "incompatibility resolution" passed at the CDU party conference in 2018, which rejected any collaboration with both the AfD and the Left Party.1 In December 2021, CDU leader Friedrich Merz reinforced this stance, declaring: "Under my leadership, a firewall against the AfD will be built."1

However, the firewall has come under significant pressure. In January 2025, the CDU broke with this principle when it joined the AfD in voting to pass a Bundestag motion on expelling asylum seekers, undermining years of political consensus.1 This reversal has sparked widespread criticism and raised questions about the sustainability of the policy. The challenge is compounded by the AfD's growing electoral strength, particularly in eastern Germany, where support for the party has reached 40 percent.1 Sahra Wagenknecht has argued that "permanently excluding a party supported by around 40 percent of voters is completely undemocratic,"1 while Michael Kretschmer, the CDU prime minister of Saxony, stated that "anyone still talking about a firewall has not recognized the signs of the times."1 These tensions suggest the political firewall faces mounting pressure as Germany approaches elections in Saxony-Anhalt in September.1