暨南大学澳门研究院研究员金国平近日接受专访，揭示了漳州月港在海上丝绸之路沿线深远而多维的历史影响。位于福建九龙江入海口的月港，在明代"隆庆开关"后成为中国唯一合法的民间海外贸易港口1，通过陶瓷、工艺品、农业技术等物质载体，以及商业网络、语言、信仰等文化形式，在菲律宾、墨西哥、秘鲁等地留下了深刻印记。
克拉克瓷是月港物质文化影响的重要见证。这种主产于漳州平和、南靖等地的瓷器，经由菲律宾马尼拉南下，再通过马尼拉大帆船远销美洲与欧洲1。漳州瓷与墨西哥银元一起出土，为16至17世纪的"丝银之路"提供了确凿的物质证据1。中国工匠在设计中融入本土审美趣味，形成独特的艺术风格1。泥金漆器在西班牙备受青睐，福建描金工艺甚至影响了墨西哥的"米却肯漆器"1。象牙雕刻中的圣像采用东方面容，部分安坐于中国式莲花座上，在墨西哥、秘鲁的教堂供奉了数百年1。
技术与农业交流体现了这一贸易枢纽的双向流动特征。番薯、玉米、烟草、花生等美洲作物经马尼拉—月港航线传入内地1，而中国制糖技术则传入台湾和其他地区，其中"黄泥水淋脱色法"成为典型代表1。马尼拉当局的公文大量使用漳州石码镇出产的纸张，留有石码厂商的中文戳记1。
月港海商在海外建立的商业社区被称为"墹"，马尼拉和墨西哥城都有建立，其中墨西哥城地铁至今仍有一站以此命名1。这些移民社区成为文化融合的载体。菲律宾的"卡皮斯"工艺源自闽南的"蚝壳窗"技术1，而他加禄语中保留了数百个闽南语借词，如"钥匙"（susi）、"豆腐脑"（taho）1。西方古地图中频繁出现"Chincheo"（漳州）地名，16世纪早期葡萄牙文献中的出现频率甚至高过"China"1。漳州商人被西班牙人称为"Sangleyes"（生理人），这一称呼源自闽南语"生理"（生意）1。
信仰与民俗交融进一步深化了文化互鉴。妈祖信仰随海商传入菲律宾，与当地凯萨赛圣母形象合二为一，形成天后—圣母混合崇拜1。中国农历新年在菲律宾融入了西班牙狂欢元素，而西班牙"圣周"在漳州海商社区则掺进了闽南民间戏剧1。
Jin Guoping, a researcher at the Macau Research Institute of Jinan University, has detailed how Zhangzhou Yuegang Port functioned as China's sole legally sanctioned private overseas trading harbor during the Ming Dynasty, leaving profound marks across the Maritime Silk Road network 1. Located at the mouth of the Jiulong River in Fujian, the port became operational following the "Longqing Opening" policy and served as a crucial hub for civilizational exchange between East and West during the Age of Exploration 1.
The commercial and cultural influence of Yuegang extended far beyond Asia. Kraak porcelain, primarily manufactured in nearby Pinghe and Nanjing, traveled southward to Manila before being shipped across the Pacific to the Americas and Europe aboard the Manila Galleon, with archaeological discoveries of Chinese ceramics found alongside Mexican silver coins providing concrete evidence of the sixteenth to seventeenth-century "Silk-Silver Road" 1. Fujian lacquerware with gilt decoration won particular favor in Spain and influenced the development of Mexican "Michoacán lacquerware" 1. Ivory carvings featuring religious icons with Eastern facial features and mounted on Chinese lotus-flower pedestals were venerated for centuries in churches throughout Mexico and Peru 1. Beyond artistic goods, paper produced in the Shima district of Zhangzhou, bearing Chinese merchant seals, became the official writing material for Manila authorities' documents 1.
The cultural footprint of Yuegang merchants penetrated linguistic and religious spheres across the Pacific world. Western historical maps frequently featured the toponym "Chincheo" (Zhangzhou), with Portuguese texts from the early sixteenth century referencing the name even more frequently than "China" itself 1. Spanish colonial records referred to Zhangzhou merchants as "Sangleyes," a term derived from the Minnan word "sangli" (business) 1. Chinese traders established overseas commercial communities called "Jio," with settlements in both Manila and Mexico City, where a Mexico City metro station still bears this name today 1. Tagalog, the language of the Philippines, absorbed hundreds of Minnan loanwords, including "susi" (key) and "taho" (soybean pudding) 1. Mazu worship, brought by Chinese seafaring merchants to the Philippines, merged with the local veneration of the Virgin Mary to create a syncretic mother-goddess cult 1.
Technological and agricultural exchanges flowed in both directions through the Yuegang network. American crops—including sweet potatoes, corn, tobacco, and peanuts—entered inland China via the Manila-Yuegang route 1. Chinese sugar-refining techniques, particularly the "yellow mud water leaching decolorization method," were transmitted to Taiwan and surrounding regions 1. Philippine shell-window craftsmanship known as "Capiz" represented an adaptation and development of the Minnan "oyster-shell window" technique 1. Festival customs merged across cultural boundaries: Chinese Lunar New Year celebrations in the Philippines incorporated Spanish carnival elements, while the Spanish Holy Week observance in Zhangzhou merchant communities absorbed Minnan folk theatrical traditions 1.
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