欧洲为何陷入野火危机

2024年7月，西班牙和欧洲多地爆发严重野火灾害。1西班牙已有超过20万公顷土地烧毁，为历史平均值的两倍，1其中Burgohondo火灾群成为西班牙有记录以来最大野火，覆盖超过13.5万英亩，释放的能量相当于23枚原子弹。1与此同时，法国波尔多西部大火规模是巴黎的四倍，导致22万人撤离——这是法国战时以来最大规模和平时期撤离。1

欧洲野火频繁的根本原因复杂多样。1气候变化导致极端火灾天气频发，而过去几十年来农村地区大规模人口外流导致大量土地荒废。1自1990年代以来，欧洲近3亿英亩农业用地被遗弃。1同时，西班牙在过去50年中造林约400万公顷，主要为易燃的松树和桉树，这种单一树种人工林结构增加了火灾风险。11990-2015年间，欧洲森林覆盖增加9万平方公里（约葡萄牙面积），进一步加剧了这一问题。1

防灾政策的结构性失衡也是关键因素。1西班牙年火灾管理支出约18亿欧元，但其中78%用于灭火，仅22%用于预防，预防投入严重不足。1专家建议加强本地社区参与、平衡灭火与预防、支持传统做法如放牧、农业和有控制的火烧。1欧盟承诺到2030年种植30亿棵树以储存碳，已识别约3亿英亩土地作为潜在的生态恢复地点。1

Europe is experiencing an unprecedented wildfire surge in 2024, with Spain and France bearing the brunt of devastating fires fueled by climate change and decades of rural depopulation. Spain has lost more than 200,000 hectares to flames this year—double the historical average—including the Burgohondo fire complex, the largest on record in the country, which burned over 135,000 acres and released energy equivalent to 23 atomic bombs 1. In France, a massive blaze west of Bordeaux forced the evacuation of 220,000 people, marking the largest peacetime evacuation in the country since World War II, with the fire's scale reaching roughly four times that of Paris 1.

The root causes of Europe's fire crisis run deeper than weather alone. Wildfire suppression expert José Luis Duce Aragüés identifies multiple interconnected factors: climate change has intensified extreme fire conditions, while widespread rural abandonment over the past several decades has left vast tracts of land overgrown and unmanaged 1. Since the 1990s, Europe has abandoned nearly 300 million acres of agricultural land, and small rural towns like Orés now hold only about 70 residents compared to hundreds in the past, with La Mierla shrinking to just 44 people 1. Compounding this, Europe's forest coverage has expanded by 90,000 square kilometers since 1990—an area roughly the size of Portugal—much of it consisting of highly flammable monoculture plantations of pine and eucalyptus introduced over the past 50 years 1.

Fire management spending reveals a structural imbalance: Spain devotes approximately 1.8 billion euros annually to wildfire response, but 78 percent goes to firefighting while only 22 percent funds prevention 1. Experts recommend shifting resources toward community engagement, controlled burns, traditional practices such as livestock grazing and agriculture, and landscape restoration 1. The European Union has committed to planting 3 billion trees by 2030 and has identified approximately 300 million acres of potential restoration sites, yet addressing the underlying vulnerability of Europe's forests and rural landscapes remains critical to stemming future catastrophes 1.