中国巨灾保险制度已初具规模，但保障缺口仍然显著。截至2025年末，巨灾险共同体累计为全国约7500万户次居民提供约34万亿元巨灾风险保障[1]。然而，保险赔付占灾害直接经济损失的比例仅约10%[1]，远低于全球自然灾害经济损失平均约30%由保险覆盖的水平[1]。截至2026年7月13日，针对20个省市区灾害，保险业累计赔付巨灾损失近30亿元[1]。
保险补偿率的不足在近年重大灾害中表现明显。2021年河南"7·20"强降雨中，保险赔付占直接经济损失约一成；2023年华北强降雨中，河北的保险赔付比例仅约6%[1]。这一现状与应急救灾模式的演进相伴随——从2008年汶川地震后的纯财政救灾，发展为"政府推动、市场运作"的多层次体系[1]。
为提升保障水平，相关措施不断完善。2024年扩围后，保障基本额度提升至城镇居民住宅每户10万元、农村每户4万元，最高可协商至100万元[1]。广西试点自愿升级机制，居民缴纳3元保费后，房屋倒损赔偿限额可增加2万元[1]。在区域探索方面，广东气象指数保险近十年保费投入约20亿元，换来超200亿元保障[1]；2018年至2023年，广东巨灾保险累计支付赔款约32.6亿元[1]。
China's catastrophe insurance system has expanded significantly over the past decade, but challenges persist in bridging the protection gap for disaster-affected residents. Since the launch of the national residential earthquake catastrophe insurance program in 2016, the insurance consortium has cumulatively provided approximately 34 trillion yuan in catastrophe risk protection to about 75 million households as of the end of 2025, with coverage expanding from earthquakes alone to typhoons, torrential rain, and flooding.[1] As of July 13, 2026, insurers had paid out nearly 3 billion yuan in catastrophe losses across 20 provinces and regions.[1]
Despite these figures, the insurance compensation ratio remains significantly below international standards. Insurance payouts accounted for only approximately 10 percent of direct economic losses from the 2021 Henan catastrophic rainfall on July 20, and just 6 percent of losses in Hebei following the 2023 North China heavy rainfall.[1] This stands in sharp contrast to the global average of about 30 percent insurance coverage for natural disaster losses and far below the 70 percent and above levels seen in developed countries.[1] The current Chinese catastrophe insurance compensation rate of about 10 percent reflects the system's struggle to keep pace with actual disaster impacts.[1]
Recent policy adjustments have aimed to strengthen protection levels. Following an expansion in 2024, the basic guarantee was raised to 100,000 yuan per household in urban areas and 40,000 yuan in rural areas, with potential negotiation up to 1 million yuan.[1] Guangxi piloted a voluntary upgrade mechanism whereby residents paying 3 yuan in premiums gain an additional 20,000 yuan in compensation limits for house collapse.[1] Guangdong's weather index insurance program demonstrates alternative approaches, with approximately 2 billion yuan in premium investment over the past decade generating over 200 billion yuan in protection, and cumulative payouts of approximately 3.26 billion yuan between 2018 and 2023.[1] The shift from purely government-financed disaster relief following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to a multi-layered system combining government coordination with market-driven operations reflects the system's evolution.[1]
