国际女性、男性、双性恋、跨性别和双性人协会(ILGA)对欧洲49个国家进行了LGBTQ+权利法律保护对比评估[1]。西班牙在该排名中位居首位，而俄罗斯则垫底[1]。
西班牙的领先地位源于其较早且全面的法律框架[1]。该国自2005年起开放同性婚姻和收养权，并于2023年通过了全面的性别自决法[1]。相比之下，德国虽在排名中位列第七，但其宪法仍未明确提及对性别认同或性取向的保护[1]。
欧洲多个国家近年出现了LGBTQ+权利保护的倒退迹象[1]。意大利在2024年底通过立法，将代孕定为"普遍犯罪"[1]。匈牙利前总理欧尔班曾在2020年取消跨性别者修改出生证明中性别记录的权利，并于2021年通过法律禁止向未成年人展示同性恋或跨性别身份[1]。匈牙利新总理彼得·马加尔于2026年5月上台后，宣布计划修订反LGBTQ+立法以符合欧盟法律[1]。
俄罗斯对LGBTQ+群体的压制最为严厉[1]。该国最高法院已将"LGBT运动"定性为"极端主义"并予以禁止，违反者最高可被判处12年监禁[1]。
A comparative assessment of legal protections for LGBTQ+ individuals across 49 European countries shows significant disparities in rights and safeguards.[1] Spain ranks first in the evaluation, having established comprehensive legal frameworks including same-sex marriage and adoption rights since 2005, and passing comprehensive gender self-determination legislation in 2023.[1] Germany, while ranking seventh overall, maintains constitutional gaps in protections for gender identity and sexual orientation.[1] Russia ranks last in the assessment, with its Supreme Court classifying the "LGBT movement" as extremist and subject to prohibition, carrying potential sentences of up to 12 years imprisonment.[1]
Several European nations governed by right-wing administrations have experienced reversals in LGBTQ+ protections.[1] Hungary's former Prime Minister Viktor Orbán eliminated transgender individuals' right to change gender records on birth certificates in 2020 and enacted legislation in 2021 prohibiting the display of homosexual or transgender identity to minors.[1] Peter Magas, Hungary's new Prime Minister who took office in May 2026, has announced plans to revise anti-LGBTQ+ legislation to align with European Union law.[1] Italy passed legislation in late 2024 criminalizing surrogacy as a universal offense.[1]