美国第五修正案禁止任何人在刑事案件中被迫作证自己 1。这一原则源于17世纪英国普通法，后被纳入美国宪法首批十项修正案（权利法案）中，成为了美国刑事司法制度的核心原则 1。
该修正案在不同法律程序中的适用方式存在差异。在刑事案件中，被告人拒绝作证时，陪审团必须被告知沉默不等于有罪 1；但在民事案件中，可以从拒绝作证中得出不利推论 1。这种权利也可在国会听证会等场合援引 1。
近年来，多位知名人物都曾引用这一修正案。2022年，唐纳德·特朗普在针对特朗普集团的民事案件中多次援引第五修正案 1。安东尼·福奇博士在共和党参议院委员会听证会上也援引过该修正案 1。此外，在1950年代麦卡锡参议员的反共听证会中，一些证人曾援引该修正案 1。
The phrase "pleading the Fifth" refers to a fundamental protection enshrined in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that shields individuals from being compelled to testify against themselves 1. This right, which has become a cornerstone of the American criminal justice system, originated in seventeenth-century English common law before being incorporated into the Bill of Rights as one of the first ten amendments to the Constitution 1.
The Fifth Amendment's protections operate differently depending on the legal context 1. In criminal cases, when defendants invoke this right and refuse to testify, juries must be instructed that silence cannot be interpreted as an admission of guilt 1. However, the same protection does not extend uniformly to civil proceedings, where adverse inferences may be drawn from a witness's refusal to answer questions 1. The amendment has also been invoked during congressional hearings, including by Dr. Anthony Fauci during a Republican Senate committee proceeding and by Donald Trump in 2022 when he cited the protection multiple times in a civil case involving the Trump Organization 1. During the McCarthy-era hearings of the 1950s, witnesses similarly invoked the Fifth Amendment when called to testify in anti-communist proceedings 1.
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