德国首批土耳其“客工”步入晚年面临普遍贫困

2026年10月30日，正值首批土耳其“客工”抵达德国65周年之际，数据显示这一群体在老年阶段正遭遇严重的经济困境。1 根据德国养老保险基金（DRV）的分析，截至2025年底，土耳其籍退休人员的月均养老金为890欧元，而德国籍退休人员为1250欧元，两者差距约为360欧元（403美元）。1 此外，研究显示移民群体的老年贫困率为25%至30%，是德国本土居民12%至14%的两倍多。1

造成这一差距的主要原因包括早期从事高强度体力劳动、工资较低以及职业生涯频繁中断。1 Eric Seils指出，早期的低薪待遇和较短的工作史是导致退休保障不足的核心因素。1 HacI-Halil Uslucan教授指出存在大量歧视，同时也承认部分第二代移民在教育及政治职业等方面实现了社会流动并取得成功，但第一代客工仍面临持续的社会歧视。1

除了养老金数额偏低，土耳其裔退休人员对福利补贴的依赖程度也远高于本地居民。1 2026年6月的统计显示，超过三分之一的土耳其籍退休人员依赖补充福利（具体比例为9.3%），而德国籍仅为2.7%。1 在就业方面，老年土耳其裔的就业率仅为5.2%，明显低于德国人的10.8%。1 自1961年起至1973年招聘结束期间，约有87万土耳其男女移民进入德国工作，如今他们及其后代已成为德国社会结构中不可忽视的一部分。1

Sixty-five years after the first wave of Turkish "guest workers" arrived in Germany, a significant portion of this group is struggling with poverty in retirement. 1 According to an analysis by the German Pension Insurance Fund (DRV), as of late 2025, the average monthly pension for retired Turks was €890, compared to €1,250 for their German counterparts, leaving a gap of approximately €360 ($403). 1 This disparity contributes to higher rates of welfare dependency, with data from June 2026 showing that more than one-third of Turkish retirees relied on supplementary benefits at a rate of 9.3%, whereas only 2.7% of German retirees did so. 1

The economic hardship stems largely from the working conditions and career trajectories of the initial migrants, who numbered around 870,000 men and women by the time recruitment ended in 1973. 1 Experts note that low wages in physically demanding jobs and interrupted employment histories have severely impacted their long-term financial security. 1 Eric Seils identified these early labor market disadvantages as primary causes, while Professor Haci-Halil Uslucan highlighted the persistence of social discrimination despite some successes in education and political careers among the second generation. 1 Broader statistics indicate that elderly immigrants face poverty rates of 25% to 30%, more than double the 12% to 14% seen among native Germans, and their employment rate in old age stands at just 5.2%, significantly lower than the 10.8% for Germans. 1