宣传演变为混合战争：多国寻求反制之道

当前，传统意义上的“老大哥”式监控已不足以概括现代信息战的特征，宣传正被重新定义为一种混合战争形式。外国行为者通过操纵社交媒体平台和刻意制造社会对立，旨在削弱民主制度的根基1。面对这一挑战，各国及地区组织纷纷采取不同策略进行应对，从行政机构设立到长期教育体系改革，试图构建抵御外部政治操纵的防线1。

在政策与行动层面，英国首相安迪·伯纳姆于9月22日在联合国大会发表首次演讲时宣布，将成立由国家安全主管领导的“国家信息防御中心”，以专门应对敌对国家发动的攻击1。伯纳姆断言俄罗斯干涉了2016年的脱欧公投，并指出该国每年花费13亿英镑（约合24.5亿澳元）用于此类影响活动1。与此同时，欧盟外交与安全政策高级代表卡娅·卡拉斯将德国极右翼政党选择党（AfD）在9月6日萨克森-安哈尔特州选举中的胜利，归咎于俄罗斯的“混合攻击”1。此外，美国拜登政府曾成立的“虚假信息管理董事会”在24小时内遭到《国家评论》称为“真理部”，随后该机构受到猛烈批评1。

除了事后反制，部分国家更注重事前预防与社会韧性的建设。芬兰采取了一种全面的方法，强调通过从童年早期开始的公民教育项目和媒体素养政策更新，来建立社会统一感和公民意识，以此从根本上对抗政治操纵1。这种对媒体环境的重视具有现实紧迫性，皮尤研究中心的数据显示，67%的美国人通过社交媒体获取新闻1。澳大利亚战略政策研究所（ASPI）也在其报告中警告外国干预的危险，并建议任命一名“国家复原力传播负责人”以加强协调应对能力1。

Propaganda has evolved beyond traditional state-controlled messaging into a form of hybrid warfare, with foreign actors leveraging social media to sow discord and undermine democratic institutions 1. In response to this shifting threat landscape, nations are adopting diverse strategies ranging from centralized defense mechanisms to grassroots educational reforms. British Prime Minister Andy Burnham explicitly accused Russia of interfering in the 2016 Brexit referendum, alleging that Moscow spends £1.3 billion (approximately A$2.45 billion) annually on influence operations 1. To counter such threats, Burnham announced during his inaugural United Nations General Assembly speech on September 22 the creation of a National Information Defense Center, which will be led by the head of national security 1.

International bodies and other governments have similarly linked domestic political shifts to external manipulation, while emphasizing resilience through education. EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas attributed the Alternative for Germany’s victory in the Saxony-Anhalt elections on September 6 to Russian hybrid attacks 1. Meanwhile, Finland is pursuing a holistic approach to combat political manipulation by strengthening societal unity and civic awareness through citizen education programs and updated media literacy policies starting from early childhood 1. This focus on digital vulnerability is underscored by Pew Research Center data indicating that 67% of Americans rely on social media for news 1. Conversely, attempts to regulate information flow have faced significant backlash; the US Biden administration’s Board for Disinformation Management was derided as a "Ministry of Truth" by The National Review within 24 hours of its establishment, leading to intense criticism of the body 1. The Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) also warned of the dangers of foreign interference, recommending the appointment of a "National Resilience Communications Lead" to address these challenges 1.