伦敦自然历史博物馆的古人类学家克里斯·斯特林格（Chris Stringer）指出，当前仅有人类单一物种存活的现象令人困惑，并抛出疑问：“这是一个奇怪的时代……为什么我们是最后剩下的，其他人发生了什么？”1
研究表明，在过去十万年间，地球上曾同时存在尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人、弗洛勒斯人以及晚期直立人等多种人种。1 这一发现挑战了以往将现代人类视为唯一“正常”状态的认知，揭示出多物种共存才是过去的常态，而智人的独存反而是一个尚未解答的科学谜题。1
斯特林格等人批评了传统叙事中隐含的生物优越主义观点，这种观点错误地将其他古人种描绘为注定灭绝的“原始弃儿”。1
The current existence of a single human species is considered an anomaly by paleoanthropologists who study the history of human diversity. 1 Chris Stringer, a paleoanthropologist at the Natural History Museum in London, posed the central question of this mystery: "It's a strange time... why are we the last ones standing and what happened to the others?" 1 His inquiry challenges the long-held assumption that modern humans represent the sole normal state of humanity, suggesting instead that our singularity requires explanation rather than acceptance as fact. 1
Over the past 100,000 years, Earth was home to multiple distinct human lineages coexisting simultaneously. 1 This period included not only Neanderthals but also Denisovans, Homo floresiensis, and late Homo erectus. 1 Despite this rich tapestry of human variation, all other branches went extinct while Homo sapiens survived, leaving contemporary scientists to re-evaluate the mechanisms behind these disappearances. 1
Traditional narratives regarding this extinction event have often been influenced by biological supremacy assumptions. 1 These older views depicted non-modern human species as primitive outliers destined for elimination, a perspective that modern researchers now critique as scientifically inadequate. 1 By rejecting the notion that early human varieties were merely evolutionary dead ends, scientists are seeking a more nuanced understanding of why Neanderthals and their contemporaries vanished from the fossil record. 1
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