唐纳德·特朗普在其第二任期内通过一系列行政手段显著改变了美国移民体系，核心举措涵盖美墨边境管控、国内拘留与遣返行动、难民接纳限额以及工作签证制度改革。这些措施被视为对其竞选承诺的兑现，但在强化执法的同时也引发了关于社会分裂及执行效力的广泛争议 1。在边境管控方面，数据对比显示政策转向效果明显：拜登执政期间（2023至2024年）南部边境记录有超过450万次移民遭遇事件，而特朗普重返白宫后该数值骤降 1。为此，特朗普推动“One Big Beautiful”支出法案，提供465亿美元专项资金用于修建边境墙；自其上任以来，已完成新增250英里墙体，另有1443英里处于在建状态 1。美国国土安全部长Markwayne Mullin于10月16日发表声明，称上述数据证明了当前边境执行策略的有效性 1。
在国内执法层面，移民和海关执法局（ICE）大幅提升了逮捕与驱逐频率。2025年7月单月逮捕人数接近5万，创下历史新高；与此同时，截至当年7月中旬，ICE日均驱逐人数达到1255人，高于拜登末期约770人的水平 1。尽管针对有犯罪记录移民的拘留比例在2026年7月降至历史低点27%，但执法行动的激进性仍引发公众不安 1。例如，2026年初在明尼阿波利斯发起的“Operation Metro Surge”大规模执法行动中，导致两名美国公民死亡，这一事件加剧了社会对执法过当的担忧 1。民调数据显示，纽约时报/Siena的调查指出，50%的选民更信任民主党处理该问题，仅有46%信任共和党 1。
难民接纳与工作签证制度也经历了结构性紧缩。在难民政策上，2026财年的接纳上限最初设定为7500人，后因被认定为“紧急情况”上调至17500人，实际接纳16292人，其中绝大多数（16287人）来自南非 1。此外，最高法院支持终止海地人的临时保护身份（TPS），此举将影响约35万名海地移民 1。在合法就业途径方面，政府自2025年9月起对新H-1B签证申请人征收10万美元费用，虽然该措施被法院暂时阻止，但已对雇主产生震慑作用，导致2027财年相关注册量下降40% 1。宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的研究指出，H-1B政策的变更对美国出生工人的工资无显著影响 1。同时，面向高净值人群推出的“Trump Gold Card”项目要求申请人捐赠100万美元并支付1.5万美元申请费，但截至4月，仅有一名申请人获准入境 1。
President Donald Trump’s second term has brought significant shifts to United States immigration policy, marked by a sharp decline in border crossings, an aggressive domestic enforcement campaign, and substantial restructuring of visa systems. Following the passage of the "One Big Beautiful" spending bill, which allocated $46.5 billion for wall construction, 250 miles of new barrier have been completed since Trump took office, with an additional 1,443 miles under construction 1. These efforts coincide with a drastic reduction in migrant encounters at the southern border compared to the more than 4.5 million recorded during the Biden administration between 2023 and 2024 1. Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin issued a statement on October 16 asserting that the data confirms the effectiveness of these enforcement measures 1.
Domestic enforcement operations have intensified, resulting in record-breaking arrest numbers and high deportation rates. In July 2025 alone, nearly 50,000 individuals were arrested, setting a monthly record, while as of mid-July 2026, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was deporting an average of 1,255 people per day, surpassing the approximately 770 daily rate seen at the end of the Biden era 1. However, these tactics have sparked controversy; notably, "Operation Metro Surge," a large-scale enforcement action in Minneapolis in early 2026, led to the deaths of two U.S. citizens, causing public unease 1. Despite the hardening rhetoric, the proportion of detained immigrants with criminal records fell to a historic low of 27% by July 2026 1. Public opinion remains divided, with a New York Times/Siena poll indicating that 50% of voters trust Democrats to handle immigration issues, compared to 46% who trust Republicans 1.
The administration has also drastically reduced refugee admissions and altered employment-based visa pathways. For fiscal year 2026, the initial refugee cap was set at 7,500 but was raised to 17,500 due to an "emergency"; ultimately, 16,292 refugees were admitted, of whom 16,287 were from South Africa 1. Additionally, the Supreme Court upheld the termination of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for Haitians, affecting approximately 350,000 individuals 1. Regarding work visas, a $100,000 fee was imposed on new H-1B applications starting September 2025; although courts temporarily blocked this requirement, it reportedly deterred employers, contributing to a 40% drop in registrations for fiscal year 2027 1. A study by the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School noted that these H-1B changes had no significant impact on wages for U.S.-born workers 1. Conversely, the "Trump Gold Card," introduced in 2025 for wealthy applicants requiring a $1 million donation plus a $15,000 application fee, had only one approved applicant by April 1.
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