秦始皇帝陵博物院与山东大学的合作研究首次以量化生物学证据揭示了兵马俑的制作者群体构成。1研究人员从一号坑23件陶俑上提取79枚独立指纹，通过贝叶斯混合模型分析指纹脊线特征，发现兵马俑制作者由成年男性（45.0%）、成年女性（32.7%）和15岁以下少年（22.3%）组成。1
指纹分布的空间位置反映了不同群体的工作分工。179枚指纹中，头部28枚、铠甲部位27枚、手臂16枚，三者合计超过九成，表明女性和少年主要参与头部、铠甲等部件的塑造和组装工序。1进一步的年龄分析显示，成年男性指纹的年龄峰值约为20岁，成年女性指纹同样集中于青年阶段。1这79枚指纹中，73枚为表面指纹，6枚为浮雕指纹。1
该研究由秦始皇帝陵博物院馆员李晓溪作为论文第一作者，山东大学考古学院的沈婧怡为通讯作者。1
Researchers from the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Shandong University have uncovered demographic details about the workforce that created China's iconic Terracotta Army through fingerprint analysis.1 The collaborative study extracted seventy-nine independent fingerprints from twenty-three clay figurines in Pit One, employing Bayesian mixture modeling to analyze ridge characteristics and for the first time provide quantified biological evidence of the manufacturing workforce composition.1
The analysis revealed that the terracotta makers consisted of adult males (45.0 percent), adult females (32.7 percent), and adolescents under fifteen years old (22.3 percent).1 Women and younger workers primarily engaged in sculpting and assembling components such as heads and armor. Among the seventy-nine fingerprints collected, twenty-eight were found on head sections, twenty-seven on armor areas, and sixteen on arms—together representing over ninety percent of the total.1 The adult male fingerprints showed a peak age distribution around twenty years old, while those from adult females similarly concentrated in the youth range.1 Of the recovered prints, seventy-three were surface impressions while six were relief fingerprints.1
Li Xiaoxia, curator at the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, served as the paper's lead author, with Shen Jingyi from Shandong University's School of Archaeology as the corresponding author.1
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