欧盟与越南升级关系引发人权顾虑

越南共产党总书记陶玉梅于10月22日抵达布鲁塞尔进行官方访问1，这次访问标志着欧盟与越南关系的进一步深化。今年1月，欧盟与越南已将双边关系升级为全面战略伙伴关系，这是欧盟与东南亚国家的首个此类协议1。与此同时，越南刚刚签署了与欧洲自由贸易联盟的自由贸易协议1。

经济合作快速增长。越南目前是欧盟在东南亚最大的商品贸易伙伴，也是欧盟第14大全球贸易伙伴1。欧盟与越南的货物贸易逆差在2025年达到517亿欧元，较2019年的约240亿欧元大幅增加1。2020年8月生效的欧越自由贸易协议进一步推动了这一贸易扩展1。

然而，这种扩大的伙伴关系引发了人权关切。12个国际人权组织在公开信中敦促欧盟领导人要求越南进行有意义的改革1。人权组织批评越南未履行欧越自由贸易协议中的劳工权益和人权承诺，特别是越南未批准国际劳工组织的结社自由公约，独立工会仍被禁止1。欧越投资保护协议虽于2019年签署，但迄今尚未生效，德国2月和波兰4月已完成批准，而法国和荷兰等国仍未完成批准程序1。东南亚研究所访问研究员阮哈克江指出，"欧盟与越南的关系是在全球关税战中保持市场开放的受欢迎广告"1。

Vietnam's Communist Party General Secretary Tao Yumai arrived in Brussels on October 22 for an official visit, marking the latest milestone in the expanding relationship between Hanoi and the European Union.1 The timing underscores the strategic importance both sides place on their partnership, which was upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership in January—the first such designation the EU has granted to any Southeast Asian nation.1

The economic dimension of the relationship has grown substantially. Vietnam is now the EU's largest merchandise trade partner in Southeast Asia and its 14th largest globally.1 The EU-Vietnam trade imbalance has widened dramatically, reaching a deficit of 51.7 billion euros ($57.9 billion) in 2025, up sharply from approximately 24 billion euros in 2019.1 This expansion follows the entry into force of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement in August 2020, and Vietnam recently concluded a separate free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association.1

However, the economic partnership has drawn criticism from human rights advocates. Twelve international human rights organizations issued an open letter urging EU leaders to press Vietnam for meaningful reforms, citing the country's failure to uphold labor rights and human rights commitments embedded in the EU-Vietnam trade agreement.1 Vietnam has not ratified the International Labour Organization's Convention on Freedom of Association, and independent trade unions remain prohibited.1 The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement, signed in 2019, remains inactive pending ratification from several member states, including France and the Netherlands, although Germany approved it in February and Poland in April.1 According to a visiting researcher at the Southeast Asia Institute, the EU-Vietnam relationship serves as "a welcome advertisement for keeping markets open in a global trade war," suggesting economic considerations may be shaping the relationship's trajectory.1