鼠疫由耶尔森菌引起，在中世纪造成大规模死亡，其致命潜力至今未减1。美国俄勒冈州患者保罗·盖洛德在被猫咬伤后感染了鼠疫，最初被医生误诊为猫抓病1。未经治疗的鼠疫致死率接近100%1，其中肺鼠疫患者若不接受治疗，通常在出现首次症状后仅能存活48小时1。
鼠疫共有三种传播形式：腺鼠疫由跳蚤传播、败血性鼠疫通过哺乳动物咬伤传播、肺鼠疫则经空气飞沫传播1。2010年至2015年间全球报告约3000例鼠疫病例，导致超过500人死亡1。欧洲最后一次记录的跳蚤传播鼠疫发生在1945年的法国和意大利1。
快速诊断和及时治疗对患者生存至关重要1。目前有效的抗生素治疗手段已可用，但诊断延迟成为关键瓶颈1。罗伯特·科赫研究所正与马达加斯加等地区合作，致力于提高实验室检测能力1。
Plague continues to pose a significant threat to human health, with a mortality potential equivalent to that of the Middle Ages.1 The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, and without treatment carries a fatality rate approaching 100 percent.1
The case of Paul Gallod from Oregon demonstrates how the infection can still emerge in modern settings.1 After being bitten by a cat, Gallod contracted plague, though his condition was initially misdiagnosed as cat scratch disease.1 Plague manifests in three distinct forms: bubonic plague transmitted by fleas, septicemic plague resulting from bites of infected mammals, and pneumonic plague spread through airborne droplets.1 Pneumonic plague is particularly dangerous, as patients typically survive only 48 hours after symptom onset without treatment.1
Globally, approximately 3,000 plague cases were reported between 2010 and 2015, resulting in over 500 deaths.1 In Europe, the last documented case of flea-transmitted plague occurred in France and Italy in 1945.1 While effective antibiotic treatments are available, delayed diagnosis remains a critical barrier to survival.1 The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is working with regions including Madagascar to enhance laboratory diagnostic capacity in response to ongoing plague risks.1
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