上门服务赛道持续拓展 从业者权益保障制度加快建立

代扔垃圾、上门助浴、上门做饭等上门服务在多地兴起，为灵活就业提供了新的选择1。然而这个新兴赛道存在明显短板，大多数从业者缺乏固定雇主、劳动合同和社会保险，收入不稳定且法律关系界定不清1。针对这些问题，有关部门正加速推进保障制度建设。

人社部于10月8日公开征求《新就业形态劳动者权益保障办法(征求意见稿)》意见，这是我国首部以规章形式保障新就业形态劳动者权益的综合性文件1。覆盖即时配送等领域的新就业形态职业伤害保障试点已全面推开，实现"每单必保、每人必保"，个人无须缴费1。今年7月，商务部等九部门出台19条举措促进家政服务业高质量发展1。

从业者的经营现状因服务类型而异。以上门助浴为例，一支团队的基础服务价格为398元/次，叠加其他服务可达498元，一天最多接4单，月均接单约60次、营业额约2万元1。另一家服务团队采用更灵活的定价模式，单次服务5元，同时提供包月120元、半月70元等套餐选项，开业近一个月已接到3单包月业务1。

首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院副院长范围指出，从业者面临的核心困境在于两个不清晰：一是"跟谁建立关系不清晰"，二是"建立什么性质的法律关系不清晰"1。随着政策框架逐步完善，从业者也在探索抱团发展以增强自身保障1。

Door-to-door service businesses—from garbage disposal to in-home bathing assistance to meal preparation—are proliferating across China as a new form of flexible employment 1. However, most workers in this emerging sector operate without fixed employers, formal labor contracts, or social insurance coverage, leaving them facing income instability and legal uncertainty 1.

To address these challenges, China's Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and Ministry of Commerce have begun establishing protections for new-form workers. On October 8, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security publicly solicited feedback on a draft regulation titled "Methods for Protecting the Rights and Interests of New-Form Employment Workers," marking the country's first comprehensive regulatory framework in this form to safeguard this workforce 1. Additionally, occupational injury protection pilots covering sectors such as instant delivery have expanded nationwide, guaranteeing coverage for every order and every worker without requiring individual premium payments 1. In July, the Ministry of Commerce and eight other agencies introduced 19 measures to promote high-quality development in the domestic service industry 1.

Despite these policy initiatives, the sector remains fragmented. Some service providers operate independently. One team offers in-home bathing services at 398 yuan per visit, with add-on services at 498 yuan, handling up to four appointments daily for roughly 60 bookings monthly, generating approximately 20,000 yuan in monthly revenue 1. Another service group charges 5 yuan per transaction, with monthly subscription options at 120 yuan or 70 yuan for half-month packages; within their first month of operation, they reported three subscription contracts 1.

Experts point to deeper structural issues. According to Fan Wei, deputy director of the School of Labor Economics at Capital University of Economics and Business, workers face two critical ambiguities: unclear relationships with employers and undefined legal employment status 1. As the sector matures, questions about how to stabilize these new jobs and clarify worker protections remain pressing.