考古学家在伊拉克库尔德斯坦沙尼达尔洞穴发现了距今约75000年的尼安德特人遗骨，其肩胛骨上存在15毫米的穿透性孔洞，研究人员认为这可能是被尖锐木制长矛击穿胸部所致的致命伤口。1这项研究已发表在《科学报告》期刊上，被视为迄今发现的最早由木制长矛导致的致命暴力证据。1研究负责人Emma Pomeroy表示，"致命打击可能是一次有意识的心脏射击"。1
同一洞穴内的其他考古证据进一步印证了这一发现。11957年在该洞穴发现的另一具尼安德特人遗骨（距今约50000年）肋骨上有部分愈合的伤口。1此外，2022年发表的研究在西班牙北部"骨头坑"遗址发现了更为广泛的暴力痕迹，20具个体身上共有57处已愈合的头部创伤，其中9个个体存在潜在致命的颅骨骨折，这些证据可追溯到430000年前。1这些考古发现共同支持了尼安德特人社会中暴力冲突比之前认为更为普遍的观点。1
Archaeologists have uncovered skeletal remains of a Neanderthal dating back approximately 75,000 years in a cave in Iraqi Kurdistan, bearing a 15-millimeter hole in the shoulder blade that likely resulted from a fatal wound inflicted by a sharp wooden spear piercing the chest 1. The discovery, published in Scientific Reports, represents the earliest known evidence of lethal violence caused by a wooden projectile, reinforcing the view that violent conflict was more prevalent in Neanderthal society than previously believed 1.
The remains were found at Shanidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan 1. According to Emma Pomeroy, the lead researcher, the fatal wound "may represent a conscious heart shot" 1. This finding builds upon earlier evidence from the same cave: another Neanderthal skeleton dating to approximately 50,000 years ago shows partially healed rib injuries 1. Additionally, a 2022 study of a site in northern Spain identified 57 healed head injuries across 20 individuals, with nine of those individuals showing potentially lethal skull fractures dating back 430,000 years 1.
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