美国NASA和中国正在展开新一轮太空竞赛，争相在月球建造永久基地。1NASA计划从2028年开始实施宇航员月表任务，并在2030年代建立长期居住区，到2100年可能形成跨越数百平方英里的月球城市。1同时，中国与俄罗斯合作计划在2035年左右部署核电厂，而NASA目标则是在2030年前部署首个核反应堆。1
月球的恶劣环境构成了基地建设的重大挑战。月球南极温度可低于零下410°F，是已知宇宙中最冷的地方之一，而月球表面白天温度可达250°F以上，夜间可低于零下200°F，每个月球周期持续14天。1除了极端温度外，宇航员还需面对宇宙辐射威胁，其职业生涯累计辐射暴露限制约为两年左右。1陨石撞击和月尘侵蚀同样构成威胁，直径50英尺以上的小行星可能在数月内或更短时间内被发现。1
为应对这些挑战，相关机构正在开发多种技术方案。NASA已在2025年成功在月球表面测试了静电除尘屏障技术，用于防止月尘侵蚀。1基地建设策略包括埋地建造、辐射屏蔽、机器人自主建设以及月球南极永久阴影陨石坑的水资源开采，该地区被认为含有大量水冰储量。1
The United States and China are entering a new phase of space competition, with both nations planning ambitious lunar base construction projects despite the moon's extraordinarily hostile environment. NASA intends to begin astronaut surface missions in 2028 and establish permanent habitation in the 2030s, potentially expanding to a lunar city spanning hundreds of square miles by 2100 1. China and Russia are collaborating on a parallel initiative, planning to deploy a nuclear power plant around 2035 1.
The lunar surface presents severe obstacles to long-term human presence. Temperatures in the moon's south polar region plunge below minus 410 degrees Fahrenheit, ranking among the coldest known locations in the universe 1. The extreme diurnal cycle compounds this hazard: daytime temperatures exceed 250 degrees Fahrenheit while nighttime readings drop below minus 200 degrees Fahrenheit, with each cycle lasting 14 days 1. These conditions impose strict limits on astronaut exposure, with career-long radiation accumulation restricted to roughly two years 1.
Addressing these challenges, NASA successfully tested an electrostatic dust shield technology on the lunar surface in 2025 1. The agency is pursuing additional solutions including subsurface construction, radiation barriers, autonomous robotic building, and water resource extraction. The moon's south polar permanently shadowed craters are believed to contain substantial water ice reserves 1. NASA plans to deploy its first nuclear reactor on the moon before 2030 1, supporting the infrastructure needed for sustained operations in this inhospitable environment.
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