在特定条件下，增加道路容量反而会加重交通拥堵，这一看似矛盾的现象可以通过数学模型解释。1
根据一个简化的路网模型演示，当新增一条捷径时会发生这种情况。1在原有状况下，2000名通勤者使用每条原始路线，总出行耗时为70分钟。1但在增加了耗时10分钟的捷径后，驾驶者基于个人最小化出行时间进行决策，导致2000名通勤者转向使用新路线，剩余通勤者平分两条原始路线。1结果是总出行耗时反而增加到80分钟。1同时，拥堵易受段（从起点到A、从B到终点）的车流量从2000辆增加到3000辆。1这说明驾驶者的个人最优选择与整个交通系统的社会最优结果之间存在根本矛盾。1
现实中已有多个案例验证了这一理论。1首尔清溪川高速公路的拆除以及纽约42街在1990年地球日期间的临时关闭，都是该现象的实际应用。1
A counterintuitive phenomenon in transportation economics reveals that expanding road capacity may actually increase overall congestion rather than alleviate it.1 Through mathematical modeling, researchers demonstrate how individual drivers' rational decisions to minimize their own travel time can collectively produce worse outcomes for everyone.1
In a simplified road network model, before adding a shortcut, 2,000 commuters travel each of two original routes, with total travel time averaging 70 minutes.1 Once a new shortcut is introduced that takes only 10 minutes regardless of traffic volume, drivers rationally shift to this faster option.1 However, this redistribution pattern results in 2,000 commuters using the new shortcut while remaining commuters split between the original routes, causing bottlenecks at the origin-to-point-A and point-B-to-destination segments to swell from 2,000 to 3,000 vehicles, ultimately raising total travel time to 80 minutes.1
This paradox has played out in real-world cases, including the demolition of Seoul's Cheonggyecheon Expressway and the closure of New York's 42nd Street during Earth Day in 1990.1 The phenomenon illustrates a fundamental tension between individual optimization and collective welfare in transportation systems.
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