中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅于2026年9月22日印发《关于分类推进高校改革的意见》，旨在科学构建高校分类发展体系，打破长期存在的高校同质化现象1。当前我国高等教育规模已十分庞大，2025年毛入学率达到61.3%，在学总规模4873万人，全国共有高等学校3167所1。教育部发展规划司司长郭鹏表示："这样大的高等教育体系不能只有一个赛道、一种模式，需要分类施策"1，以让不同类型高校各展所长而非竞争同一赛道，更好适应经济社会多样化需求1。
分类改革并非新议题。早在2010年《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010—2020年）》就已提出"建立高校分类体系，实行分类管理"的目标1。然而多年来，应用型高校长期陷入"夹心层"困境，大多数选择朝研究型大学方向发展1，反映出高校分类体系建设的现实困难。此次中央文件的出台，标志着高等教育改革对打破同质化、构建科学的分类发展格局有了更明确的新目标。
China's central authorities have unveiled a sweeping reform framework aimed at ending decades of homogeneity in the nation's higher education landscape. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council released the "Opinion on Advancing Differentiated Development of Higher Education Institutions" on September 22, 2026, establishing a scientifically structured classification system for universities across the country.1
The directive addresses the challenges posed by China's rapidly expanding higher education sector. As of 2025, the gross enrollment rate in higher education reached 61.3 percent, with a total student population of 48.73 million across 3,167 higher education institutions nationwide.1 According to Guo Peng, director of the Development Planning Division at the Ministry of Education, such a large-scale higher education system cannot operate under a single competitive model.1 "This requires differentiated approaches so that different types of institutions can excel in their respective domains rather than competing on the same track," he stated.1
The classification reform represents a long-overdue shift in policy. The concept of establishing differentiated development systems for higher education was first articulated in the National Plan for Medium- and Long-Term Education Reform and Development (2010–2020).1 Applied-type universities have particularly suffered, caught in a "middle-layer predicament" where most institutions have gravitated toward emulating research universities rather than developing distinctive identities.1 The new reform framework aims to align institutional development with the diverse economic and social needs of the country, allowing each category of university to fulfill its intended role within the broader educational ecosystem.
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