美国在2001年9月11日后一周发动了阿富汗军事行动，针对基地组织训练营和塔利班军事设施，约50个国家的国际联盟随之参与其中1。这场持续20多年的干预最终以失败告终——塔利班于2021年8月重返权力，推翻了建立在民主承诺基础上的阿富汗共和国1。虽然西方干预初期为阿富汗民众带来了民主与妇女权利的希望，但由于结构性问题、腐败和优先考虑军事行动而非制度建设，最终导致了政治制度的崩溃1。
阿富汗实际上拥有民主传统的基础——1923年国王阿曼努拉·汗颁布的宪法为此奠定了基础，1964年的新宪法更引入了议会制并扩大了民权，开启了"民主十年"1。然而，女性权利的争取遭到系统性压制：阿富汗妇女被排除在2005年至2020年和平谈判的80%之外，并完全被排除在2020年美塔多哈协议谈判之外1。塔利班重新掌权后，颁布了超过120项法令，将妇女排除在教育、就业、行动和公共生活之外1。美国虽然向阿富汗安全部门投入了数十亿美元援助，但在2001年后的二十年间，民主推广和国家建设这些既定目标往往屈服于反恐优先事项1。
The United States launched military operations in Afghanistan one week after the September 11, 2001 attacks, targeting Al-Qaeda training camps and Taliban military installations, with support from an international coalition of approximately 50 countries.1 The Taliban, who had ruled from 1996 to 2001, were initially removed from power but returned to control in August 2021,1 dismantling the Afghan Republic that had been built on democratic principles.1
Over two decades, the post-2001 period saw democracy promotion and state-building become stated objectives, yet these goals frequently yielded to counterterrorism priorities.1 Despite billions of dollars in U.S. security assistance, structural weaknesses and corruption undermined institutional development.1 Women were systematically excluded from 80 percent of peace negotiations between 2005 and 2020, and completely sidelined from the 2020 U.S.-Taliban Doha talks.1 Since returning to power, the Taliban have issued over 120 decrees restricting women's access to education, employment, movement, and public participation.1
Afghanistan's democratic tradition, however, runs deeper than the post-2001 era. King Amanullah Khan's 1923 constitution established the nation's foundational commitment to democracy,1 while the 1964 constitution ushered in a "democratic decade" by introducing parliamentary governance and expanding civil rights.1 Though Western intervention initially offered Afghan citizens hope for democratic governance and women's rights, that promise ultimately collapsed.1
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