澳大利亚新的《数字关怀义务法案》草案包含了允许经批准的研究人员和电子安全专员使用虚拟账户对社交媒体平台进行审计和测试的条款1。这一规定旨在识别平台的隐藏风险和算法偏见，通过虚拟账户揭露平台的操作差异1。法案要求平台识别"所有合理可预见的伤害风险"并采取"有效措施"应对1。
虚拟账户的使用受到严格限制1。参与研究的人员必须在澳大利亚大学工作并获得伦理批准1，虚拟账户仅允许为防止账户关闭而必要的最小程度用户互动1。这一受控条件下的安排目的是防止欺骗公众，而非用于监控1。
2023年，X曾起诉反数字仇恨中心因其抓取数据研究仇恨言论违反服务条款，但最终未成功1。值得注意的是，法案不禁止普通澳大利亚人使用匿名或假名账户1，批评人士对该条款的误解主要在于混淆了政府监控与学术研究审计之间的区别1。
Australia's new Digital Duty Bill draft allows approved researchers and the electronic safety commissioner to use virtual accounts for auditing and testing social media platforms in order to identify hidden risks and algorithmic bias 1. The legislation requires platforms to identify "all reasonably foreseeable harms" and implement "effective measures" to address them 1.
Approved researchers must be employed at Australian universities and obtain ethical approval to use such accounts 1. Virtual accounts are permitted only for the minimum level of user interaction necessary to prevent account suspension 1. Critics have misinterpreted these provisions as enabling government surveillance or forcing ordinary Australians to use real names, but the bill is actually limited to controlled research conducted by ethically vetted specialists with the purpose of exposing how platforms operate rather than deceiving the public 1. The legislation does not ban ordinary Australians from using anonymous or pseudonymous accounts 1.
In 2023, X sued the Center for Countering Digital Hate over data scraping related to hate speech research, claiming a violation of terms of service, though the legal challenge ultimately proved unsuccessful 1.
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