卡尔·德塞罗特、彼得·海格曼和格奥尔格·纳格尔因在光门控离子通道和光遗传学领域的发现而获得2026年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖12。其中德塞罗特来自美国斯坦福大学和霍华德·休斯医学研究所，海格曼和纳格尔均为德国科学家，分别来自柏林洪堡大学和维尔茨堡大学25。三位获奖者将共同分享1200万瑞典克朗的奖金12。
海格曼和纳格尔在单细胞藻类中发现了通道视紫红质5，而德塞罗特随后将其转化为神经细胞的光控开关，于2005年发表突破性成果，2007年在活体小鼠脑中成功实现5。光遗传学技术结合光学和遗传学方法，实现对神经元的非侵入性刺激4。这项技术使研究人员能够揭示控制特定记忆、感受和行为的神经回路35，为神经学和精神病学研究开启了新时代5。根据诺贝尔委员会主席Per Svenningsson的评价，"光遗传学提供了以前我们只能梦想的方式绘制大脑地图的机会"3。
光遗传学已在临床应用中展现成果，包括恢复视障人士视力3。诺贝尔委员会指出，这一发现揭示了与神经和精神障碍相关的特定记忆、感受和行为背后的神经回路，在失明、抑郁症、成瘾、痴呆症、帕金森病和癫痫等疾病的治疗中具有重大应用前景34。颁奖典礼将于2026年12月10日在瑞典斯德哥尔摩举行14。
Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel have been awarded the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning light-gated ion channels and optogenetics.125 The award was announced on Monday, October 5, 2026, by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.25 The three laureates will share a monetary prize of 12 million Swedish kronor, equivalent to approximately one million euros or 1.2 million US dollars.124
Deisseroth is based at Stanford University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the United States, while Hegemann is affiliated with Humboldt University Berlin and Nagel with the University of Würzburg in Germany.25 Hegemann and Nagel discovered channelrhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein derived from algae, in the early 2000s.5 Deisseroth subsequently transformed this discovery into a tool for controlling nerve cells with light, publishing groundbreaking results in 2005 and successfully demonstrating the technique in living mouse brains in 2007.5
The Nobel committee recognized that optogenetics has fundamentally changed our understanding of the brain.3 According to the committee, the laureates' work "laid the foundation for a new era in neuroscience" and revealed neural circuits underlying specific memories, feelings, and behaviors associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.3 Nobel committee member Abdel El Manira stated that optogenetics' impact extends beyond illuminating healthy brain function to revealing how brain circuits become dysfunctional in neuropsychiatric conditions.4 The technology has already found clinical application in restoring vision to people with blindness,3 and shows potential therapeutic value for treating depression, addiction, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy.4
The Nobel Prize ceremony will take place on December 10, 2026, in Stockholm, Sweden.14
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