俄罗斯国家航天公司Roscosmos正在开发一款新一代载人航天器，但该项目耗时近20年，至今实际硬件进展有限。1这个航天器项目始于约20年前俄罗斯与欧洲航天局的合作讨论，初始设计目标是开发一艘载客6人的载人舱，由欧洲提供动力模块。1然而欧洲最终放弃了该项目，Roscosmos随后独自继续推进。1
该项目在其漫长的发展历程中历经多次更名。从2009年的PPTS、至2016年期间的PTK NP，再到2016年1月更名为Federatsiya，最后在2019年9月改为现名Orel（Oryol，意为"鹰"）。1尽管名称不断变更，但近20年来项目的主要产出仍为概念渲染图，实际硬件的测试进展并不明确。1
Russia's state space agency Roscosmos has spent nearly two decades developing a new crewed spacecraft, yet the project remains largely confined to concept drawings with minimal hardware advancement.1 The initiative originated from collaborative discussions between Russia and the European Space Agency approximately 20 years ago, with the initial design calling for a six-passenger crew module powered by a European service module.1
The European Space Agency eventually withdrew from the project, leaving Roscosmos to continue development independently.1 Over the years, the spacecraft has undergone multiple name changes—from PPTS in 2009 to PTK NP through 2016, then to Federatsiya in January 2016, and finally to Orel (Eagle) in September 2019 during Dmitry Rogozin's tenure as Roscosmos director.1 Despite these rebranding efforts and nearly two decades of work, the primary tangible outputs have been conceptual renderings rather than substantive hardware testing or development milestones.1
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