全球多个沿海城市正面临因过度开采地下水导致的地面沉降问题。1雅加达每年沉降超过10厘米，政府已计划迁移城市。1中国天津若沉降继续，到2120年将有15%的人口处于水下。1新西兰约80%的城市海岸线正在沉降。1这一现象加剧了气候变暖带来的海平面上升风险。1
研究人员以大阪为案例，通过44口监测井数据和卫星雷达技术发现，地下水补给可以使沉降的城市地面上升。1大阪在1920年至1960年间经历了最严重的地下水枯竭，地下水位下降最多30米，地面沉降超过2米。1日本政府在1960年代初引入严格的地下水管制措施后，大阪的地面隆起平均速度约为每年4毫米，某些地方高达12毫米/年，地下水位上升速度达每年1米。1研究进一步表明，地壳断层在控制地下水补给速度和地面隆起分布中发挥关键作用，大阪上町断层一侧地下水位上升速度是另一侧的三倍。1
Many cities worldwide face severe land subsidence driven by excessive groundwater extraction, compounding the threats posed by rising sea levels from climate change.1 Jakarta is subsiding at a rate exceeding 10 centimeters annually, prompting government plans to relocate the city.1 In Tianjin, China, continued subsidence could leave 15 percent of the population underwater by 2120.1 Approximately 80 percent of New Zealand's urban coastlines are also experiencing subsidence.1
Research centered on Osaka demonstrates that the subsidence process is reversible through groundwater replenishment.1 Between 1920 and 1960, groundwater levels in Osaka declined by as much as 30 meters, causing land subsidence exceeding 2 meters.1 After Japan's government introduced strict groundwater regulations in the early 1960s, the city's surface began rising at an average rate of approximately 4 millimeters annually, with some areas rising as rapidly as 12 millimeters per year.1 Groundwater levels themselves recovered at a rate of 1 meter per year.1 Geological fault lines play a crucial role in controlling both the rate of groundwater recovery and the distribution of surface uplift; researchers found that on one side of Osaka's Uemachi fault, groundwater levels rose three times faster than on the other side.1
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