反向监视是指普通公众利用可穿戴或便携式个人设备对当局进行记录的行为，与传统的自上而下的监视形成对比1。这一概念由Steve Mann创造，词源来自法语，其中"sur"意为上方，"sous"意为下方1。2004年，第一次国际反向监视研讨会召开，标志着这一概念的学术化推进1。
实践表明，反向监视在警察问责中具有重要意义。2012年至2013年，加州Rialto警察进行的一项试验显示，警察佩戴执法记录仪后，投诉和暴力使用均出现下降1。然而，视频证据并非总能确保司法公正。2014年Eric Garner遭警察锁颈致死案中，尽管存在视频证据，陪审团仍拒绝起诉涉事警察，反而逮捕了录制者Ramsey Orta1。反向监视的应用范围也在扩大，2016年法国"Loi Travail"示威期间，Periscope直播吸引了93,362名观众1，展现了公民记录权力运作的新形式。
The concept of sousveillance—the practice of ordinary citizens recording authorities and institutions through portable personal devices—represents an inversion of traditional top-down surveillance.1 The term was coined by Steve Mann, derived from French roots meaning "from below" as opposed to surveillance's "from above."1
The field has grown significantly since its inception.1 The first International Workshop on Sousveillance was held in 2004, establishing formal academic engagement with the practice.1 A landmark study conducted in Rialto, California during 2012-2013 demonstrated that police officers equipped with body cameras experienced reductions in both complaints and use-of-force incidents.1 However, the technology's protective potential remains inconsistent. In the 2014 case of Eric Garner, who died after police applied a chokehold, a jury declined to indict the officers despite video evidence of the incident—and authorities instead arrested the person who had recorded the encounter, Ramsey Orta.1
Sousveillance has proven particularly relevant during mass gatherings and public demonstrations. During protests against France's "Loi Travail" labor law in 2016, live-streaming via Periscope attracted over 93,362 viewers, illustrating the growing capacity of ordinary people to document and disseminate real-time accounts of public events.1
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