理论物理中的全息原理提出了一个观点：任何空间区域内部的全部信息都可以通过观测其表面来完全解读1。这一原理源自1970年代贝肯斯坦和霍金对黑洞熵的计算发现，其中黑洞的熵与表面积成正比而非体积成正比1。1990年代后期，Leonard Susskind等物理学家进一步提出黑洞本质上是全息体，内部发生的一切都可从外部观测1。
AdS/CFT对偶在1990年代晚期被证实为数学事实，成为全息原理的重要支撑1。这一对偶表明，在反德西特空间中，引力规则和量子力学规则在数学上描述的是同一个游戏，两个截然不同的理论世界——引力体积和量子表面——实现了数学等价1。相关基础论文已获得数万次引用，成为数字时代被引用最多的理论物理论文1。
然而，物理学界对全息性与现实宇宙的关系仍存在分歧1。一个主要难点在于，我们的宇宙被认为是德西特空间（向外弯曲），缺少AdS/CFT所需的边界表面1。与此同时，一些研究项目如"From qubit"提出宇宙由量子信息单元（qubits）组成，类似于视频游戏像素构成的三维世界1。
The holographic principle, a cornerstone concept in theoretical physics, proposes that all information contained within a spatial region can be completely decoded by observing its surface alone—a notion that fundamentally challenges conventional geometric intuition. 1 This principle emerged from discoveries in the 1970s when Bekenstein and Hawking calculated that black hole entropy is proportional to surface area rather than volume, 1 a finding that suggested something profound about the nature of reality itself.
The mathematical validation of this idea came through the AdS/CFT correspondence, established in the late 1990s through three foundational papers that have since become among the most-cited theoretical physics works in the digital age, garnering tens of thousands of citations. 1 This correspondence demonstrates that gravitational rules and quantum mechanics rules describe mathematically equivalent systems—one operating in a curved spacetime volume and the other on its boundary surface. 1 Physicists including Leonard Susskind proposed that black holes are fundamentally holographic entities, with everything occurring inside them observable from the outside. 1
However, applying these insights to our own universe remains contentious among researchers. 1 The AdS/CFT framework requires a boundary surface that de Sitter space—the outward-curving geometry that describes our expanding universe—does not possess. 1 Some physicists have proposed that the universe itself consists of quantum information units, or qubits, analogous to pixels constructing a three-dimensional virtual world, 1 though the implications of such a structure for understanding reality continue to be debated.
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