中国全国人大于2026年8月28日审议通过了《中华人民共和国耕地保护和质量提升法》，这是新中国第一部耕地保护领域的专门法律，将于2027年1月1日起施行。1
该法的核心内容是对耕地占补平衡制度进行升级。原有的占补平衡制度仅覆盖非农建设用地占用耕地的情况，被称为"小占补"；新法将其扩大为"大占补"，覆盖非农建设、造林种树、种果种茶等各类占用耕地行为。1同时，新法严格控制耕地向林地、园地等其他农用地的转换。1
占补平衡制度始于1998年修订的土地管理法，要求实现"占一补一、占优补优"。1立法背景与耕地流失压力密切相关：2009年至2019年的十年间，全国耕地地类面积共减少1.13亿亩，其中耕地净流向林地1.12亿亩，净流向园地0.63亿亩。1
China's National People's Congress approved the country's first comprehensive legislation on arable land protection on August 28, 2026, with the law set to take effect on January 1, 2027.1 The Law of the People's Republic of China on Arable Land Protection and Quality Enhancement represents a significant shift in how the nation manages land use, moving beyond earlier restrictions to encompass a broader range of activities that convert agricultural land.
The centerpiece of the new legislation is an expansion of the compensation system for arable land occupation, upgrading what officials term the approach from "minor compensation" to "major compensation."1 Previously, this system applied only to non-agricultural construction projects, requiring developers to replace every acre of farmland lost with equivalent or higher-quality arable land—a principle known as "occupying one, compensating one; occupying superior, compensating superior."1 The revised framework now extends these compensatory requirements to all activities involving arable land conversion, including afforestation, tree planting, and cultivation of fruits and tea, while strictly controlling the conversion of arable land to forestland, orchards, and other alternative agricultural uses.1
The legislative action responds to documented pressures on China's arable land base. Between 2009 and 2019, the country experienced a net loss of 113 million mu of arable land, with 112 million mu flowing to forestland and 63 million mu converting to orchards.1 The occupation-compensation framework itself traces its origins to amendments to the Land Management Law enacted in 1998.1
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