特拉维夫大学犹太哲学系教授埃什巴尔·拉茨翁提出了一项关于死海古卷库姆兰教派历法使用的新假说。1该研究已发表在《塔比兹犹太研究季刊》上，旨在解决学术界长期争议——库姆兰教派是否真正采用过364天历法。1
拉茨翁的研究认为，库姆兰教派在公元前2世纪形成期间确实主动使用了这种独特的历法。1这种364天历法具有特殊的数学特性：能被7整除，形成52个完整周。1然而，364天年份比真实太阳年短约1.25天，这意味着经过20年后，宗教节日将相对季节偏移近4周。1面对这一天文学问题，加上亚历山大·詹纳乌斯统治期间哈斯摩尼王朝与库姆兰教派的政治关系改善，该教派最终放弃了这种历法的实际使用。1尽管如此，这种历法作为宗教理想仍被保留在其思想体系中。1库姆兰出土的近20份古卷涉及日历和天文学主题，为这一假说提供了文献依据。1
Researchers at Tel Aviv University have proposed a new hypothesis that may settle a longstanding scholarly debate about whether the Qumran sect actually used a 364-day calendar 1. According to the study, the Qumran community did employ this distinctive calendar system during its early formation in the second century BCE, but later abandoned the practice due to astronomical complications and shifting political relations with the Hasmonean dynasty 1.
The 364-day calendar, which is divisible by seven to create exactly 52 complete weeks, falls short of the actual solar year by approximately 1.25 days 1. Over a 20-year period, this discrepancy would cause religious festivals to drift by nearly four weeks relative to the seasons 1.
The research, led by Eshnbal Ratzon, professor of Jewish philosophy at Tel Aviv University, was published in the Tarbiz Quarterly for Jewish Studies 1. Ratzon's work suggests that during the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, relations between the Hasmonean dynasty and the Qumran sect improved, with the kingdom supporting laws similar to those favored by the sect 1. The findings are supported by approximately 20 ancient scrolls discovered at Qumran that address calendar and astronomical subjects 1.
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