全球武装冲突中的文化遗产遭到大规模破坏，但国际法对此的追究仍然乏力。乌克兰文化部报告称仅上月就有148处文化遗产地被报告受损或毁坏1，乌克兰激进主义团体已向国际刑事法院提交投诉，但尚未发起任何起诉1。加沙大清真寺在2023年以色列空袭中几近被毁，当地约20万栋建筑被毁或受损1。伊朗今年2月期间超过100处遗址遭损，包括联合国教科文组织列出的哥勒斯坦宫和纳克什-鲁斯坦广场1。
尽管《海牙公约》于1954年颁布，成为首份专门保护武装冲突中文化遗产的国际条约，但实际责任追究效率极低1。国际刑事法院成立于2002年，迄今仅有一起成功案件：2016年马里武装分子艾哈迈德·法基·马赫迪因毁坏廷巴克图清真寺和陵墓被判9年监禁1。专家指出问题的症结所在，比詹·鲁哈尼表示"没有任何国家行为体因这一罪行受到审判。障碍不再是证据，而是司法管辖权和政治意愿"1。
历次冲突中的破坏触目惊心。2015年伊斯兰国在摩苏尔焚毁中央图书馆，销毁或盗窃数千本书籍，其中包括珍稀手稿1。2023年苏丹内战期间，国家博物馆被交战派系之一快速反应部队劫掠，文物被装上卡车运走1。考古学家哈立德·阿萨德因拒绝向伊斯兰国透露巴尔米拉文物藏匿地点，在公共广场遭斩首并尸体被挂在红绿灯上1。这些案例反映出战争中文化遗产保护面临的深层困境，包括国家缺乏政治意愿、司法管辖权障碍以及军事行动中文物被视为合法军事目标等问题。
Armed conflicts across multiple regions are inflicting severe damage on cultural treasures, yet international justice mechanisms have proven largely ineffective in holding perpetrators accountable. Ukraine's Ministry of Culture reported that 148 cultural heritage sites were damaged or destroyed in just one recent month 1. In Gaza, the Great Mosque sustained near-total destruction during 2023 Israeli airstrikes, while approximately 200,000 buildings across the territory were destroyed or damaged 1. Iran saw over 100 heritage sites damaged during February 2023, including UNESCO-listed landmarks such as the Golestan Palace and Naqsh-e Rustam 1. These incidents reflect a broader pattern of cultural destruction occurring in conflict zones from Sudan to Syria to Mali.
The international legal framework ostensibly prohibits such destruction. The Hague Convention, adopted in 1954, established the first international treaty specifically protecting cultural heritage during armed conflict 1. However, enforcement has been minimal. The International Criminal Court, established in 2002, has achieved only one successful prosecution to date: in 2016, Ahmad al-Mahdi, an armed militant in Mali, received a nine-year sentence for destroying the Timbuktu mosques and mausoleums 1. Ukrainian activist groups have filed complaints with the ICC, though no prosecutions have been initiated 1. According to Bijan Rouhani, "no state actor has been tried for this crime. The obstacles are no longer evidence but rather jurisdiction and political will" 1.
The scale of deliberate destruction extends beyond military strikes. During Sudan's 2023 civil war, the National Museum was looted by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), with artifacts loaded onto trucks and removed 1. In Iraq, the Islamic State burned the central library in Mosul in 2015, destroying or stealing thousands of books including rare manuscripts 1. Archaeologist Khaled al-Asaad was publicly beheaded and his body hung from a traffic light after refusing to reveal the location of Palmyra's hidden antiquities to the Islamic State 1.
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