美国密歇根大学的研究人员揭露，俄罗斯流行的"超级应用"Max具有广泛的数字监控功能。1 该研究团队由计算机科学副教授Roya Ensafi领导，发现Max可以在用户毫不知情的情况下对用户设备和应用内容进行截图。1 该应用还能够访问存储在小程序中的所有信息、消息和支付数据，甚至可以冒充用户身份。1 研究表明，俄罗斯当局还可能利用Max向小程序注入代码以发动网络攻击。1
俄罗斯政府将Max作为Telegram和WhatsApp的"爱国替代品"进行推广，通过强制官员、学生和教职员工安装来扩大其使用范围。1 莫斯科一所学校的教师表示，校方主任在去年3月下令全校员工改用Max进行所有校园沟通，包括与家长聊天和布置作业。1 圣彼得堡的一名大学生被告知，如要进入大学建筑或宿舍，需要通过Max应用生成的二维码。1 然而，在俄罗斯精英阶层中，Max的使用往往流于形式，Telegram和Signal仍被广泛用于日常通信。1
Ensafi指出，中国用35年才达到当前的数字威权主义水平，而俄罗斯仅用10年就施加了这些全面限制措施。1 研究人员将Max的监控体系描述为数字威权主义的典范，已成为全球其他专制政权效仿的蓝图。1
Researchers at the University of Michigan have uncovered widespread surveillance capabilities embedded in Max, Russia's government-promoted mobile application, according to a new investigation.1 The app can capture screenshots of user devices and application content without the user's knowledge, access all information stored within applications including messages and payment data, and even impersonate users.1 Russia may also exploit Max to inject code into applications and launch cyberattacks.1
The Russian authorities have aggressively promoted Max as a patriotic alternative to Telegram and WhatsApp by compelling officials, students, and staff members to install it.1 A teacher in Moscow reported that her school principal ordered all employees to switch to Max for all campus communications in March of last year, including parent conversations and homework assignments.1 Similarly, a university student in Saint Petersburg was required to generate a QR code through the Max application to access university buildings and dormitories.1 Roya Ensafi, an associate professor of computer science at the University of Michigan leading the research effort, noted that while China took 35 years to achieve its current level of digital authoritarianism, Russia has implemented these comprehensive restrictions in just 10 years.1
Despite the government's push for universal adoption, Max usage among Russia's elite often remains superficial, with Telegram and Signal continuing to serve as primary communication tools in daily practice.1 The research underscores how Max represents a blueprint for digital authoritarianism that other authoritarian regimes worldwide have begun to emulate.1
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