自9/11以来的四分之一世纪，美国政府监视政策经历了根本性转变。1美国政府从针对具体目标的监视转向大规模监视技术，包括互联网骨干网监听和电话、网络元数据的无差别大规模收集。1FBI主任凯什·帕特尔最近在国会证词中确认，联邦调查局正从数据经纪人购买美国人信息，并计划继续这一做法。1
这一监视扩张已远超当初的国家安全理由，对宪法造成深刻影响。1第四修正案的保护正在被侵蚀，言论自由面临威胁，大规模监视工具的滥用情况触目惊心。1国家安全局对其监视工具的滥用程度严重到内部为其创造了一个专有术语："LOVEINT"（爱情情报）。1众议员佐伊·洛夫格伦（民主党）指出，后门搜索被不当用于调查抗议者、19,000名竞选捐献者、国会议员、记者、政府官员和一名投诉警察不当行为的州法院法官。1
尽管存在一些改革迹象——2015年美国第二巡回上诉法院驳回了政府对《爱国者法案》第215条的解释，同年国会通过《美国自由法案》，结束了持续近14年的无差别大规模电话记录收集——但监视政策仍在继续演进。12026年《美国反恐战略》明确表示政府将针对国内活动人士，包括持意识形态反美、激进支持变性和无政府主义观点的暴力世俗政治团体的人士。1
为应对这一局面，专家建议国会通过立法，要求对大规模监视收集、访问或使用的信息需获得令状，并提议制定《第四修正案不是待售物品法案》，禁止政府购买否则需要令状才能获取的数据。1
A new analysis examines how U.S. mass surveillance has evolved and expanded over the past quarter-century, revealing significant constitutional costs and widespread abuses. The shift from targeted surveillance to indiscriminate collection began after 9/11 and has grown to encompass internet backbone monitoring and bulk gathering of telephone and internet metadata 1. The scope of this surveillance infrastructure now extends beyond traditional government channels—FBI Director Kash Patel recently confirmed in congressional testimony that the Federal Bureau of Investigation purchases American citizens' information from data brokers and intends to continue doing so 1.
Legal and legislative challenges have marked efforts to constrain these programs. In 2015, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the government's interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act, and Congress subsequently passed the USA Freedom Act that same year, ending nearly fourteen years of indiscriminate bulk telephone records collection 1. However, surveillance tools continue to be misused at scale. The NSA's abuse of its mass surveillance capabilities has become so systemic that internal documentation refers to it as "LOVEINT"—intelligence collected for personal purposes 1. Representative Zoe Lofgren, a Democrat, documented instances of improper backdoor searches affecting protesters, 19,000 campaign donors, members of Congress, journalists, government officials, and a state court judge who had filed a police misconduct complaint 1. Meanwhile, the 2026 National Counter-Terrorism Strategy explicitly identifies domestic activists as targets, citing groups described as "ideologically anti-American, radically pro-transgender, and anarchist violent secular political organizations" 1.
Reformers propose legislative remedies to address these practices. The proposed solution would require warrants for any collection, access, or use of information obtained through mass surveillance programs 1. Additional proposals include the Fourth Amendment Is Not for Sale Act, which would prohibit the government from purchasing data that would otherwise require a warrant to obtain 1.
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