中国颁布新法加强出国旅行管制

中国制定了新法，扩大对公民出国旅行的管制范围。13该法规涉及技术管制和国家安全相关的出境规则，1新规已正式生效。13根据新规，被认定为对国家安全或利益造成伤害的公民以及违反技术进出口管理规定的人员可被禁止出境，禁令期限最长达三年。2限制范围包括富裕中国公民和科技人才。3

近年来，中国的出境禁令大幅激增。2最高人民法院的数据显示，涉及出境禁令的记录从2016年的89条增至去年的188760条。2同期，涉及出境禁令的民事判决书比例从约0.23%急剧上升至7.3%，增长超过30倍。2中国政府声称此举是为了保护国家主权，但批评人士认为这进一步加强了北京对公民海外活动的控制。2格鲁吉亚大学亚洲法律中心执行主任汤姆·凯洛格表示，"这是另一个被设计用来控制中国公民在海外言论和行为的工具"。2目前，中国公民无法自行查询是否受到出境管制。2

China has enacted new regulations that significantly expand restrictions on citizens' ability to travel abroad.123 The regulations, which took effect on Tuesday, address technology transfers and national security concerns, prohibiting individuals deemed to have harmed national security or interests from leaving the country for up to three years.2 Those who violate technology export controls are also subject to travel bans under the new framework.2 The controls have been extended to regulate employees' international movements as well.1

The new policy primarily targets wealthy Chinese citizens and technology professionals.3 Citizens cannot currently check whether they are subject to exit restrictions on their own.2 The expansion reflects a dramatic increase in exit ban cases in recent years: China's Supreme People's Court records show the number of cases involving travel restrictions surged from 89 in 2016 to 188,760 last year.2 The proportion of civil court judgments involving exit bans jumped from approximately 0.23 percent to 7.3 percent between 2019 and last year, representing a more than 30-fold increase.2

The government has justified the restrictions as necessary to protect national sovereignty, though critics argue they represent a tightening of state control over citizens' overseas activities and speech.2 One 26-year-old citizen named Pipi reported that his passport application was rejected in 2023, which he attributes to his participation in Hong Kong's anti-extradition protests in 2019.2 Tom Kellogg, executive director of the Asia Law Center at the University of Georgia, characterized the measures as "another tool designed to control the speech and behavior of Chinese citizens overseas."2