格里菲斯大学研究人员通过分析印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛出土的古人类遗骸，发现了人类习惯性使用精神活性物质的最早证据1。研究团队在距今25000至16000年前的古代狩猎采集者牙齿上，识别出独特的深圆形沟槽磨损模式，这是长期吸吮整个槟榔坚果的标志1。通过生化测试，研究人员在古人类牙齿组织中检测到槟榔碱——槟榔坚果中的神经活性物质——提供了强有力的使用证据1。
槟榔坚果是当今世界第四广泛使用的精神活性物质，仅次于酒精、咖啡因和尼古丁1。研究表明，古人类可能最初出于缓解牙痛的目的使用槟榔坚果，但长期使用导致了严重的牙周疾病1。这项研究成果已发表在学术期刊《科学进展》上，代表了迄今发现的全球最早的有记录的习惯性药物使用证据1。
Researchers from Griffith University have discovered evidence suggesting that humans were habitually consuming betel nuts, a psychoactive substance, at least 25,000 years ago.1 The team analyzed skeletal remains from ancient hunter-gatherers on Sulawesi Island in Indonesia, dating between 25,000 and 16,000 years ago, and identified distinctive wear patterns on the teeth along with traces of arecoline, the active alkaloid compound found in betel nuts.1 These findings represent what may be the earliest documented evidence of habitual drug use in human history.1
The researchers discovered deep, circular groove markings on the ancient individuals' teeth that are consistent with prolonged sucking of whole betel nuts.1 Biochemical testing of tooth tissue samples confirmed the presence of arecoline within the ancient dental material, providing strong physical evidence for betel nut consumption.1 Betel nuts rank as the world's fourth most widely used psychoactive substance, following only alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine.1
The study suggests that betel nuts may have initially been used to relieve toothache pain, though long-term consumption led to severe periodontal disease in these ancient individuals.1 The research was published in the journal Science Advances.1
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