内卷一词源自美国人类学家Alexander Goldenweiser在1937年提出的社会学概念，后由Clifford Geertz在1963年于印度尼西亚农业研究中推广，用以描述系统、机构或竞争过程中投入不断加剧但产出效益未见提升的现象1。2020年9月，清华大学学生骑自行车工作的照片在微博获得超10亿次浏览，引发了关于内卷的广泛热议1。该年内卷成为中国十大网络流行语之一1。这一概念在中国网络中迅速传播，逐渐演变为反映中国青年和中产阶层在教育、工作、竞争中高度焦虑和过度投入的社会现象1。
当代中国的内卷现象在多个领域体现明显。在职场层面，996工作制长期存在，员工每天从上午9点工作到晚上9点、每周工作6天，远超法定的44小时/周工作时间，应获得2.275倍基本工资补偿但实际鲜有补偿1。教育竞争则更为激烈，海淀区一小时课外辅导费可达1000元人民币1。许多中产阶层家长从幼儿园阶段就开始择校竞争，购买多本教材，并强制要求子女学习多种才艺1。
鉴于这一现象的广泛社会影响，中共近年已将内卷作为重点关注的宏观经济问题1。从2024年起，中共在官方理论刊物《求是》中将内卷定义为宏观经济问题，强调应规范市场、引导和监管民营企业1。
Neijuan, a Chinese sociological concept describing intensified systemic competition without corresponding productivity gains, has emerged as a defining social phenomenon in contemporary China.1 The term originated from American anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser's 1937 research and was later popularized by Clifford Geertz in 1963 through studies of Indonesian agriculture, gaining widespread attention in China following 2020, when a photograph of a Tsinghua University student working while riding a bicycle garnered over one billion views on Weibo.1 The term was subsequently recognized as one of China's ten most popular online phrases that year.1
The phenomenon manifests across multiple sectors of Chinese society, particularly affecting youth and the middle class through excessive work demands and educational competition.1 The practice of 996 work schedules—where employees work from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days weekly, exceeding the legal limit of 44 hours per week—exemplifies widespread labor pressures, though workers are legally entitled to 2.275 times their base salary in compensation, a requirement rarely honored in practice.1 In education, competitive pressures have intensified dramatically, with extracurricular tutoring in Beijing's Haidian District commanding rates of up to 1,000 yuan per hour, and middle-class parents investing in multiple textbooks, selecting schools from kindergarten onward, and mandating diverse extracurricular training for their children.1
Beginning in 2024, China's Communist Party designated neijuan as a macroeconomic concern in its official theoretical journal Qiushi, emphasizing the need to regulate markets and strengthen oversight of private enterprises.1
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