据数据分析显示，过去五年英格兰超过140家高尔夫俱乐部违反了水资源提取许可证的相关规定1。这一数字意味着英格兰约1735家高尔夫俱乐部中，每12家就有1家存在违规行为1。在这些违规俱乐部中，超过三分之一非法从受保护的环保地区取水，或在未获许可期间进行取水1。
这些违规事件共计279起，其中175起属于二类或三类违规，对环境构成实质性风险1。约100家俱乐部的违规行为被认为对环境造成了风险1。尽管违规情况普遍，但截至目前尚未有任何俱乐部因此遭到起诉或面临罚款1。
河流行动组织运动总监Amy Fairman指出，"这表明违反许可证没有实质性后果"1。利兹大学副教授Dr Megan Klaar也表示，"许可证违规对环境是坏消息"1。环保运动人士对执法力度不足提出批评，呼吁加强监管和对水资源的优先级调整1。
A data analysis by the Guardian reveals that more than 140 golf clubs across England breached water extraction permit conditions over the past five years, according to records covering 2021 to 2025.1 This figure represents approximately one in twelve of England's 1,735 golf clubs.1 Among the violating clubs, more than one-third illegally extracted water from environmentally sensitive areas or continued extraction beyond their permitted periods.1
The analysis identified 279 instances of permit violations, with 175 classified as either Category 2 or Category 3 breaches.1 Of particular concern, approximately 100 clubs' violations posed environmental risks, yet none of the breaching clubs faced prosecution or financial penalties.1 Environmental campaigners have criticized the enforcement gap, with Amy Fairman, campaign director at Rivers Action, stating that "breaching a permit appears to have no material consequences."1 Dr. Megan Klaar, a lecturer at the University of Leeds, underscored the significance of such violations, noting that "permit breaches are bad news for the environment."1
The water extraction violations occur amid significant water stress in England, with over 70 percent of the region experiencing drought conditions.1 The lack of enforcement action against offending clubs raises questions about regulatory effectiveness in protecting water resources during periods of acute scarcity.
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