1988年12月21日，泛美航空103号班机在苏格兰洛克比上空被炸毁，机上259名乘客和11名地面人员丧生，炸弹被隐藏在从马耳他登机的行李箱内的收音机-卡带播放器中 1。这起事件首次暴露了航空运输中的行李炸弹威胁。
2001年9月11日，美国遭遇更为惨烈的打击——19名基地组织劫匪劫持了4架商业飞机 1。这一事件彻底改变了美国的航空安全格局。同年11月，国会创建了运输安全管理局（TSA），建立起联邦航空乘客和行李检查系统 1。
随后的恐怖威胁事件继续推动安检措施的升级。2001年12月22日，理查德·里德试图引爆藏在鞋中的炸弹，之后TSA要求乘客脱鞋接受安检 1。2006年，英国当局破获了利用饮料瓶中的液体炸弹摧毁7架跨大西洋飞机的恐怖计划，促使TSA随后实施"3-1-1"液体限制规则 1。2009年12月25日，乌马尔·法鲁克·阿卜杜穆塔拉布试图引爆藏在内衣中的炸弹，这一事件促使TSA加速推出人体扫描仪 1。2025年7月，特朗普政府取消了脱鞋安检要求 1。
Over more than three decades, a series of terrorist attacks and attempted bombings targeting aircraft have fundamentally reshaped aviation security protocols in the United States, with each incident prompting new defensive measures from federal authorities.
The cycle began on December 21, 1988, when Pan Am Flight 103 was destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 259 passengers and 11 people on the ground.1 The bomb had been concealed inside a radio-cassette player placed in a suitcase that was checked from Malta.1 The attack exposed a critical vulnerability in luggage screening procedures but did not immediately trigger sweeping federal reforms.
The landscape changed dramatically on September 11, 2001, when 19 al-Qaeda hijackers commandeered four commercial aircraft, crashing them into the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania.1 In response, Congress established the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in November 2001, creating a federal system for screening airline passengers and baggage.1 That same year, on December 22, Richard Reid attempted to detonate explosives hidden in his shoe, prompting the TSA to require passengers to remove their footwear during security screening.1
Subsequent attack attempts continued to drive policy evolution. In 2006, British authorities thwarted a plot to use liquid explosives concealed in beverage bottles to destroy seven transatlantic aircraft, leading the TSA to implement the "3-1-1" liquid restriction rule.1 On December 25, 2009, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to set off a bomb hidden in his underwear, accelerating the TSA's deployment of body scanners at airports.1 By July 2025, the Trump administration eliminated the shoe-removal requirement that had been in place for more than two decades.1
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